Cortés-Sanchez, MiguelMorales-Muñiz, ArturoSimón-Vallejo, María D.Lozano-Francisco, María C.Vera-Peláez, José L.Finlayson, CliveRodríguez-Vidal, JoaquínDelgado-Huertas, AntonioJiménez-Espejo, Francisco J.Martínez-Ruiz, FranciscaAranzazu Martinez-Aguirre, M.Pascual-Granged, Arturo J.Merce Bergada-Zapata, M.Gibaja-Bao, Juan F.Riquelme-Cantal, José A.Antonio López-Saez, J.Rodrigo-Gamiz, MartaSakai, SaburoSugisaki, SaikoFinlayson, GeraldineFa, Darren A.Bicho, Nuno Gonçalo Viana Pereira Ferreira2018-12-072018-12-072011-091932-6203http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/11942Numerous studies along the northern Mediterranean borderland have documented the use of shellfish by Neanderthals but none of these finds are prior to Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3). In this paper we present evidence that gathering and consumption of mollusks can now be traced back to the lowest level of the archaeological sequence at Bajondillo Cave (Malaga, Spain), dated during the MIS 6. The paper describes the taxonomical and taphonomical features of the mollusk assemblages from this level Bj(19) and briefly touches upon those retrieved in levels Bj(18) (MIS 5) and Bj(17) (MIS 4), evidencing a continuity of the shellfishing activity that reaches to MIS 3. This evidence is substantiated on 29 datings through radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and U series methods. Obtained dates and paleoenvironmental records from the cave include isotopic, pollen, lithostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses and they are fully coherent with paleoclimate conditions expected for the different stages. We conclude that described use of shellfish resources by Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) in Southern Spain started similar to 150 ka and were almost contemporaneous to Pinnacle Point (South Africa), when shellfishing is first documented in archaic modern humans.engWestern Mediterranean SeaModern human-behaviorModern human originsSouth-AfricaAquatic adaptationsPinnacle pointAlboran-SeaCarbonCaveArchaeologyjournal articlehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024026