Stallinga, Peter2023-04-042023-04-042023http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/19389We study the concepts of residence time vs. adjustment time time for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The system is analyzed with a two-box first-order model. Using this model, we reach three important conclusions: (1) The adjustment time is never larger than the residence time and can, thus, not be longer than about 5 years. (2) The idea of the atmosphere being stable at 280 ppm in pre-industrial times is untenable. (3) Nearly 90% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide has already been removed from the atmosphere.engAtmosphere kineticsResidence timeAdjustment timeAnthropogenic carbon dioxidejournal article10.3390/e250203841099-4300