Browsing by Author "Ahmed, Shakeel"
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- Characterising the metabolomic diversity and biological potentials of extracts from different parts of two cistus species using UHPLC-MS/MS and In vitro techniquesPublication . Ahmed, Shakeel; Zengin, Gokhan; Selvi, Selami; Ak, Gunes; Cziáky, Zoltán; Jekő, József; Rodrigues, Maria João; Custódio, Luísa; Venanzoni, Roberto; Flores, Giancarlo Angeles; Cusumano, Gaia; Angelini, PaolaThis study investigates the biochemical composition and biological properties of different parts (leaves, roots, and twigs) of two Cistus species (Cistus monspeliasis and Cistus parviflorus). The extracts were analysed using UHPLC-MS/MS to determine their chemical profiling. A range of antioxidant assays were performed to evaluate the extract’s antioxidant capabilities. The enzyme inhibition studies focused on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase and tyrosinase. In addition, the study examined the antimicrobial effects on different bacteria and yeasts and evaluated the toxicity using the MTT assay. Quinic acid, citric acid, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin derivatives, kaempferol, myricetin, ellagic acid, prodelphinidins, procyanidins, scopoletin, and flavogallonic acid dilactone are the main bioactive compounds found in both species. In enzyme inhibition assays, C. monspeliasis roots exhibited significant activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with the values of 2.58 ± 0.02 mg GALAE/g and 11.37 ± 1.93 mg GALAE/g, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies showed mostly weak toxicity, with some samples moderately reducing viability in RAW and HepG2 cells. These findings underscore the diverse biochemical profiles and bioactive potential of Cistus species, suggesting their utility as natural sources of antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.
- Deciphering the chemical constituents of phlomis monocephala extracts using UHPLC-HRMS and their antioxidant, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and toxic potentialsPublication . Zheleva-Dimitrova, Dimitrina; Zengin, Gokhan; Bouyahya, Abdelhakim; Ahmed, Shakeel; Guerreiro Pereira, Catarina Alexandra; Sharifi-Rad, Majid; Custódio, LuísaIn the current study, five different extracts ( n -hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water) of Phlomis monocephala were analyzed for the first time by ultra -high-performance liquid chromatography -high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to identify their phenolic compounds. The extracts were also evaluated for their non -enzyme antioxidant activities using a variety of methods, including DPPH and, ABTS center dot+ scavenging activities, reduction of ferric (Fe 3 + ), and cupric ions (Cu 2 + ), metal chelating (MCA) activities, and phosphomolybdenum (PBD). Additionally, the extracts were assessed for their in vitro enzyme inhibition potential (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and tyrosinase). Furthermore, cell viability was evaluated on HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), S17 cells (murine bone marrow stromal) and RAW (murine macrophages). UHPLC-HRMS allowed for the identification of 115 compounds from different chemical groups including flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides and others. Most of the extracts had strong antioxidant potential and were rich in phenolic compounds. Ethanol and water extracts appear as the most promising antioxidant extracts providing the highest values followed by ethyl acetate by all the methodologies employed in this study. Furthermore, all the extracts, except the aqueous extract, inhibited all the enzymes significantly. Surprisingly, the aqueous extract did not show a prominent inhibition (low or no inhibition) against these enzymes. Hexane, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane exhibited extremely significant cytotoxic effects against all cell lines at a higher concentration. The HepG2 cells demonstrated lower sensitivity to the extracts than RAW and S17 cells. In conclusion, P. monocephala can be considered as a valuable ingredient for the production of functional applications including nutraceuticals.
- Exploration of UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS profiles and the neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of extracts from achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & Y.P.Guo (Asteraceae) collected in TürkiyePublication . Ahmed, Shakeel; Zengin, Gokhan; Fernández-Ochoa, Álvaro; Cádiz-Gurrea, Maria de la Luz; Leyva-Jiménez, Francisco Javier; Elkiran, Omer; Cakilcioglu, Ugur; Akgul, Bengusu H.; Guerreiro Pereira, Catarina Alexandra; Custódio, LuísaThe current study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activities of extracts from Achillea maritima, a wild medicinal plant used for various therapeutic purposes. The antioxidant activities were assayed through different assays like DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and phosphomolybdenum, whereas in enzyme inhibition studies, cholinesterase, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase were assayed. Cytotoxicity studies are conducted on S17, RAW, and HepG2 to assess its selectivity and effectiveness. Chemical profiling by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS revealed multiple bioactive compounds in the extracts. Polar solvents (ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) resulted in high concentrations of phenolic acids as well as chlorogenic and caffeoylquinic acids, as well as flavonoids like vicenin and apigenin. On the other, the nonpolar (hexane extract) was rich in octadecatrienoic acid hydroperoxy and hydroxyoctadecatrienic acid. Among these, the water extract contained the highest phenolic content of 32.26 mg GAE/g, while the ethyl acetate extract was the richest in flavonoids, with 7.83 mg RE/g. In the antioxidant studies, the water and ethanol/water extracts consistently display the most potent activities, thus indicating their significant free radical scavenging and metal chelation abilities. The studies on enzyme inhibitions showed remarkable BChE inhibitory activities of the ethanol extract in 12.50 mg GALAE/g, thus showing potential in managing disease conditions related to cholinesterase. Tyrosinase inhibition was significant by the ethanol extract, presenting 55.59 mg KAE/g. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against alpha-amylase with 0.66 mmol ACAE/g, while ethanol extract showed significant inhibition of alpha-glucosidase with 4.35 ACAE/g. Cytotoxicity results showed that the water extract was most effective against the HepG2 cancer cell line by reducing cell viability to 38.4% at high doses while preserving low toxicity against normal cells, as observed by high viability percentages in S17 and RAW cell lines. These results highlight the usefulness of A. maritima extracts in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.