Browsing by Author "Boley, B. Bynum"
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- Development and validation of the new resident empowerment through Tourism Scale: RETS 2.0Publication . Santos, Edson Redy Moreira dos; Pereira, Luís Nobre; Pinto, Patrícia; Boley, B. Bynum; Nobre Pereira, Luis; Pinto, PatríciaThis study developed a new version of the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale - the RETS 2.0 by integrating two new dimensions of empowerment - economic and environmental empowerment - that the original RETS left off. The RETS 2.0 also abbreviates the original RETS to three items per a construct, reducing response burden, and opening up space for measuring different antecedents and outcomes of empowerment. The RETS 2.0 was empirically tested and validated in the small island destinations of Boa Vista and Sal, Cape Verde following Churchill's (1979) and Rossiter's (2002) three-stage mix-method scale development approach. After demonstrating convergent validity, nomological validity was demonstrated by all dimensions being significantly correlated with support for tourism. However, in the test of predictive validity, only psychological, economic, and environmental empowerment were found to be significant predictors of support for tourism. The RETS 2.0 is proposed as a holistic and parsimonious five-dimension scale that assesses resident's empowerment towards sustainable tourism development.
- Imperialism, empowerment, and support for sustainable tourism: Can residents become empowered through an imperialistic tourism development model?Publication . Santos, Edson Redy Moreira dos; Nobre Pereira, Luis; Pinto, Patrícia; Boley, B. Bynum; Ribeiro, Manuel AlectorResident empowerment is an effective tool that contributes to the sustainable development of tourism. However, in many low-income countries, tourism is usually implemented through an imperialist tourism development model, questioning the sector's true intentions for this type of development. Within this backdrop, this study aims to investigate how, under such conditions, residents' perception of imperialism is associated with residents' perceptions of empowerment and to what extent these perceptions influence their support for sustainable tourism development. To better understand these relationships, Weber's Theory of Formal Substantive Rationality and Institutional Theory were employed. This study surveyed a representative sample of 341 residents on the island of Sal, Cape Verde in 2022. Overall, results illustrate that residents' perceptions of imperialism do not affect their perceptions of empowerment, rejecting most of the research hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications highlight that within an imperialistic tourism development model, there is not relationship between imperialims and empowerment. tourism.