Percorrer por autor "Georg, Tina"
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- Links between climate and the upper ocean structure : the Canary current upwelling system casePublication . Georg, Tina; Neves, Maria C.; Relvas, PauloUpwelling in the Eastern Boundary Currents is wind-driven. Ekman transport off the coast of the Canary Current Upwelling System (CCUS) is induced by equatorward, alongshore trade winds leading to persistent upwelling of cooler subsurface water throughout the year. This study uses Upwelling Indices (UI) between 25 and 35°N to assess upwelling in the CCUS and relates it to the changes in the upper ocean structure as well as climate indices. Upwelling was determined using different approaches such as differences in the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) at the coast and offshore (UISST), and the prevailing wind conditions with the resulting Ekman transport (UIw). Within the study area, the detection of upwelling varies on a temporal and spatial scale depending on the different determination methods of the UI’s. These results imply that the existing indices need an adaptation to be more reliable. Nevertheless, all indices revealed strong upwelling events along a wider shelf between 25 and 33°N and some downwelling events along a narrow shelf between 33 and 35°N. A significant correlation was found between the UI’s and the vertical structure of the upper ocean which is especially represented by the isothermal layer depth (ILD). In regards to the prevailing climate, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences the location and strength of the westerly and trade winds in the study area. Its strong signal during winter (December to March) is reflected in significant correlations between the NAO and all parameters, however, when considering the correlations for the whole year, its signal is ambiguous. The NAO correlates well with the UI’s and the ILD. During its positive phase, cooler temperatures can be observed at the coast indicating upwelling. Simultaneously, the ILD deepens at the coast and becomes shallower offshore which is reversed in NAO- years and enhanced during coupled, opposite phases with the East Atlantic pattern. Still, upwelling occurs in years of a neutral NAO so it cannot be ascribed as the main driver for upwelling processes in the area. The interplay of upwelling, vertical structure and climate is rather due to a complex system of different forcings and cause-effect relationships. Ocean dynamics related to the kinetic and potential energy as well as the thermohaline circulation in its long-term variability may have an impact on these variables on different temporal and spatial scales.
- The signature of NAO and EA climate patterns on the vertical structure of the canary current upwelling systemPublication . Georg, Tina; Neves, Maria; Relvas, PauloThe current study aims to analyse the vertical structure of the ocean during upwelling events using in situ and modelled data. Additionally, the influence of climate patterns, namely the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, on the vertical structure and their impact on the upwelling activity are assessed for a period of 25 years (1993-2017). The study focuses on the central part of the Canary Current (25-35 degrees N) with persistent upwelling throughout the year, with an annual cycle and the strongest events from June to September. Upwelling is determined using two different approaches: one index is calculated based on temperature differences between the coastal and the offshore area, and the other is calculated based on wind data and the resulting Ekman transport. Different datasets were chosen according to the indices. Stable coastal upwelling can be observed in the study area for the analysed time span, with differences throughout the latitudes. A deepening of the isothermal layer depth and a cooling of temperatures are observed in the vertical structure of coastal waters, representing a deeper mixing of the ocean and the rise of cooler, denser water towards the surface. During years of a positive NAO, corresponding to a strengthening of the Azores High and the Icelandic Low, stronger winds lead to an intensification of the upwelling activity, an enhanced mixing of the upper ocean, and a deeper (shallower) isothermal layer along the coast (offshore). The opposite is observed in years of negative NAO. Both effects are enhanced in years with a coupled, opposite phase of the EA pattern and are mainly visible during winter months, where the effect of both indices is the greatest. The study therefore suggests that upwelling activities are stronger in winters of positive North Atlantic Oscillation coupled with a negative East Atlantic pattern and emphasizes the importance of interactions between the climate patterns and upwelling.