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- A symbolic Neanderthal accumulation of large herbivore craniaPublication . Baquedano, Enrique; Arsuaga, Juan L.; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Laplana, César; Márquez, Belén; Huguet, Rosa; Gómez-Soler, Sandra; Villaescusa, Lucía; Galindo-Pellicena, M. Ángeles; Rodríguez, Laura; García-González, Rebeca; Ortega, M.-Cruz; Martín-Perea, David M.; Ortega, Ana I.; Hernández-Vivanco, Lucía; Ruiz-Liso, Gonzalo; Gómez-Hernanz, Juan; Alonso-Martín, José I.; Abrunhosa, Ana; Moclán, Abel; Casado, Ana I.; Vegara-Riquelme, Marina; Álvarez-Fernández, Ana; Domínguez-García, Ángel C.; Álvarez-Lao, Diego J.; García, Nuria; Sevilla, Paloma; Blain, Hugues-Alexandre; Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca; Gil-García, M. José; Álvarez-Vena, Adrián; Sanz, Teresa; Quam, Rolf; Higham, TomThis work examines the possible behaviour of Neanderthal groups at the Cueva Des-Cubierta (central Spain) via the analysis of the latter's archaeological assemblage. Alongside evidence of Mousterian lithic industry, Level 3 of the cave infill was found to contain an assemblage of mammalian bone remains dominated by the crania of large ungulates, some associated with small hearths. The scarcity of post-cranial elements, teeth, mandibles and maxillae, along with evidence of anthropogenic modification of the crania (cut and percussion marks), indicates that the carcasses of the corresponding animals were initially processed outside the cave, and the crania were later brought inside. A second round of processing then took place, possibly related to the removal of the brain. The continued presence of crania throughout Level 3 indicates that this behaviour was recurrent during this level's formation. This behaviour seems to have no subsistence-related purpose but to be more symbolic in its intent.
- Towards a formation model of the Neanderthal symbolic accumulation of herbivore crania: spatial patterns shaped by rockfall dynamics in level 3 of des-cubierta cave (Lozoya valley, Madrid, Spain)Publication . Villaescusa, Lucía; Baquedano, Enrique; Martín-Perea, David M.; Márquez, Belén; Galindo-Pellicena, M. Ángeles; Cobo-Sánchez, Lucía; Ortega, Ana Isabel; Huguet, Rosa; Laplana, César; Ortega, M. Cruz; Gómez-Soler, Sandra; Moclán, Abel; García, Nuria; Álvarez-Lao, Diego J.; García-González, Rebeca; Rodríguez, Laura; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Arsuaga, Juan LuisUnderstanding formation processes is crucial for interpreting sites with complex sedimentary histories and exceptional archaeological records, such as Level 3 of Des-Cubierta Cave. This Middle Paleolithic unit contains an assemblage of anthropically modified ungulate horned crania, Mousterian lithics, and evidence of fire use, all preserved in a clast-supported gravel deposit shaped by successive rockfalls. This study integrates geostatistical analyses with traditional spatial and taphonomic methods to examine the cone-shaped sedimentary structure that dominates the level and its influence on the spatial distribution and preservation of archaeological materials. The results reveal distinct spatial patterns for geological and archaeological materials, indicating separate formation dynamics. Size-based spatial analyses of boulders characterize the morphology of the conical structure, highlighting size sorting and intensity variations that may indicate sedimentary hiatuses. Bone refitting analysis suggests limited post-depositional movement, with material distribution shaped by the conical sedimentary structure and karst gallery morphology. Variability in crania preservation correlates with proximity to the cone's apex and elevation, with better-preserved specimens in central areas and more fragmented remains in zones affected by erosive and edaphic processes. These findings underscore the value of integrating geostatistical and traditional archaeological approaches to advance interpretations of spatial and temporal patterns in karst environments and provide a methodological approach for examining sites with similar sedimentary histories. Moreover, the results support the interpretation of a recurrent, culturally motivated Neanderthal behaviour centred on the deliberate accumulation of large ungulate crania, pointing to a symbolic dimension in these practices.