Browsing by Author "Sanchez, M. E."
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- Temporal metabolic profiling of the Quercus suber-phytophthora cinnamomi system by middle-infrared spectroscopyPublication . Hardoim, P.R.; Guerra, Rui Manuel Farinha das Neves; Rosa Da Costa, Ana; Serrano, M. S.; Sanchez, M. E.; Coelho, A. C.The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is an aggressive plant pathogen, detrimental to many ecosystems including cork oak (Quercus suber) stands, and can inflict great losses in one of the greatest hotspots' for biodiversity in the world. Here, we applied Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to disclose the metabolic patterns of cork oak roots and P.cinnamomi mycelium during the early hours of the interaction. As early as 2h post-inoculation (hpi), cork oak roots showed altered metabolic patterns with significant variations for regions associated with carbohydrate, glycoconjugate and lipid groups when compared to mock-inoculated plants. These variations were further extended at 8hpi. Surprisingly, at 16hpi, the metabolic changes in inoculated and mock-inoculated plants were similar, and at 24hpi, the metabolic patterns of the regions mentioned above were inverted when compared to samples collected at 8hpi. Principal component analysis of the FT-IR spectra confirmed that the metabolic patterns of inoculated cork oak roots could be readily distinguished from those of mock-inoculated plants at 2, 8 and 24hpi, but not at 16hpi. FT-IR spectral analysis from mycelium of P.cinnamomi exposed to cork oak root exudates revealed contrasting variations for regions associated with protein groups at 16 and 24h post-exposure (hpe), whereas carbohydrate and glycoconjugate groups varied mainly at 24hpe. Our results revealed early alterations in the metabolic patterns of the host plant when interacting with the biotrophic pathogen. In addition, the FT-IR technique can be successfully applied to discriminate infected cork oak plants from mock-inoculated plants, although these differences were dynamic with time. To a lesser extent, the metabolic patterns of P.cinnamomi were also altered when exposed to cork oak root exudates.
- Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseasesPublication . Jung, Thomas; Orlikowski, L.; Henricot, B.; Abad-Campos, P.; Aday, A. G.; Aguin Casal, O.; Bakonyi, J.; Cacciola, S. O.; Cech, T.; Chavarriaga, D.; Corcobado, T.; Cravador, A.; Decourcelle, T.; Denton, G.; Diamandis, S.; Dogmus-Lehtijaervi, H. T.; Franceschini, A.; Ginetti, Beatrice; Green, S.; Glavendekic, M.; Hantula, J.; Hartmann, G.; Herrero, M.; Ivic, D.; Horta Jung, Marília; Lilja, A.; Keca, N.; Kramarets, V.; Lyubenova, A.; Machado, H.; Magnano di San Lio, G.; Mansilla Vazquez, P. J.; Marcais, B.; Matsiakh, I.; Milenkovic, I.; Moricca, S.; Nagy, Z. A.; Nechwatal, J.; Olsson, C.; Oszako, T.; Pane, A.; Paplomatas, E. J.; Pintos Varela, C.; Prospero, S.; Rial Martinez, C.; Rigling, D.; Robin, C.; Rytkoenen, A.; Sanchez, M. E.; Sanz Ros, A. V.; Scanu, B.; Schlenzig, A.; Schumacher, J.; Slavov, S.; Solla, A.; Sousa, E.; Stenlid, J.; Talgo, V.; Tomic, Z.; Tsopelas, P.; Vannini, A.; Vettraino, A. M.; Wenneker, M.; Woodward, S.; Perez-Sierra, A.An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 38 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host-Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora-host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discussed.