Percorrer por autor "Smyth, Jessica"
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- Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in EuropePublication . Evershed, Richard P.; Davey Smith, George; Roffet-Salque, Mélanie; Timpson, Adrian; Diekmann, Yoan; Lyon, Matthew S.; Cramp, Lucy J. E.; Casanova, Emmanuelle; Smyth, Jessica; Whelton, Helen L.; Dunne, Julie; Brychova, Veronika; Šoberl, Lucija; Gerbault, Pascale; Gillis, Rosalind; Heyd, Volker; Johnson, Emily; Kendall, Iain; Manning, Katie; Marciniak, Arkadiusz; Outram, Alan K.; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Shennan, Stephen; Bevan, Andrew; Colledge, Sue; Allason-Jones, Lyndsay; Amkreutz, Luc; Anders, Alexandra; Arbogast, Rose-Marie; Bălăşescu, Adrian; Bánffy, Eszter; Barclay, Alistair; Behrens, Anja; Bogucki, Peter; Carrancho Alonso, Ángel; Carretero, José Miguel; Cavanagh, Nigel; Claßen, Erich; Collado Giraldo, Hipolito; Conrad, Matthias; Csengeri, Piroska; Czerniak, Lech; Dębiec, Maciej; Denaire, Anthony; Domboróczki, László; Donald, Christina; Ebert, Julia; Evans, Christopher; Francés-Negro, Marta; Gronenborn, Detlef; Haack, Fabian; Halle, Matthias; Hamon, Caroline; Hülshoff, Roman; Ilett, Michael; Iriarte, Eneko; Jakucs, János; Jeunesse, Christian; Johnson, Melanie; Jones, Andy M.; Karul, Necmi; Kiosak, Dmytro; Kotova, Nadezhda; Krause, Rüdiger; Kretschmer, Saskia; Krüger, Marta; Lefranc, Philippe; Lelong, Olivia; Lenneis, Eva; Logvin, Andrey; Lüth, Friedrich; Marton, Tibor; Marley, Jane; Mortimer, Richard; Oosterbeek, Luiz; Oross, Krisztián; Pavúk, Juraj; Pechtl, Joachim; Pétrequin, Pierre; Pollard, Joshua; Pollard, Richard; Powlesland, Dominic; Pyzel, Joanna; Raczky, Pál; Richardson, Andrew; Rowe, Peter; Rowland, Stephen; Rowlandson, Ian; Saile, Thomas; Sebők, Katalin; Schier, Wolfram; Schmalfuß, Germo; Sharapova, Svetlana; Sharp, Helen; Sheridan, Alison; Shevnina, Irina; Sobkowiak-Tabaka, Iwona; Stadler, Peter; Stäuble, Harald; Stobbe, Astrid; Stojanovski, Darko; Tasić, Nenad; van Wijk, Ivo; Vostrovská, Ivana; Vuković, Jasna; Wolfram, Sabine; Zeeb-Lanz, Andrea; Thomas, Mark G.In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years(1). Although the selection of LP and the consumption of prehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions(2,3). Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around 7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably, LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectoriesthan uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank(4,5) cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.
- Food and farming systems in the Neolithic – an impossible vista?Publication . Smyth, Jessica; Gillis, RosalindThe management and utilisation of mostly novel plant and animal species for food and other products has long been recognised as a central component of the Neolithic. The period has frequently been characterised as marking a tipping point in food procurement activities, a shift that has had a fundamental impact on societies today. While there may be little difference between the modes and means of subsistence strategies (e.g. Ingold 1988) – from hunting to management of domesticated species, and from collection of wild plants to planting and cropping of domesticate cultivars – what is significantly different is that for the first time over large regions of Europe the major building blocks of Neolithic diet were the same, i.e. cereal and pulse cultivars and domesticate animal species. Across this vast geographic span, we might expect that such building blocks were re-configured and adapted at local or regional scales (e.g. Manning et al. 2013). There is also growing evidence for differences in organisational scale, e.g. between intensive small-scale garden plots and extensive systems of transhumance (Bogaard et al. 2016; Montes et al. 2020); differences in resource utilisation, e.g. mountain pastures and forests (Schibler 2017; Knockaert et al. 2017; Hejcmanová, Stejskalová, and Hejcman 2013); differences in how plant and animal systems integrated with one another (Fraser et al. 2013; Styring et al. 2017; Gillis et al. 2017), as well as differences in food processing techniques. This variation appears as much related to the pre-existing needs and cultural identity of populations as to the environmental context and niche construction (e.g. Kreuz and Marinova 2017; Gillis et al. 2019).