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- ¿Por qué se mueve el suelo?Publication . Amaral Ferreira, Mónica; Oliveira, Carlos Sousa; Estêvão, João M. C.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Romero Sánchez, Emilio; de Miguel Rodríguez, Jaime; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, Maria-Victoria; Sá, LuisEstá guía está concebida para apoyar la formación del personal educativo de enseñanza primaria, que quiera mejorar su conocimiento y desarrollar actividades sobre el riesgo sísmico y de tsunami. Los contenidos e información de este documento son fruto del trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto PERSISTAH, y también como continuación de otros proyectos en los que algunos autores han participado.
- Guia prático escola resiliente aos sismosPublication . Amaral Ferreira, Mónica; Oliveira, C.S.; Estêvão, João M. C.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Romero Sánchez, Emilio; de Miguel Rodríguez, Jaime; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, Maria-Victoria; Sá, LuísEste Guia pretende ser um recurso para aumentar a resiliência da comunidade educativa, mostrando que é possível viver com os sismos e que se tomarmos medidas preventivas os riscos de perdas e ferimentos reduzem bastante. Como uma emergência pode acontecer em qualquer lugar e a qualquer momento, é importante que a comunidade educativa, esteja informada e familiarizada com o que torna um espaço vulnerável em caso de sismo, e se preparem para proteger as crianças sob seus cuidados antes que a terra trema.
- Improving the earthquake resilience of primary schools in the border regions of neighbouring countriesPublication . Estêvão, João M. C.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Sá, Luis F.; Ferreira, Mónica A.; Tomás, Bruno; Esteves, Carlos; Barreto, Vítor; Carreira, Ana; Braga, Alfredo; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, Maria-Victoria; Romero-Sanchez, Emilio; de-Miguel-Rodriguez, Jaime; Segovia-Verjel, Maria-Luisa; Blanco, Beatriz Zapico; Oliveira, Carlos SousaThis work summarises the strategy adopted in the European research project PERSISTAH. It aims to increase the resilience of the population, focusing on the existing primary schools in the Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain) regions. Software was developed to assess the seismic safety of these schools, considering different earthquake scenarios. Seismic retrofitting measures were studied and numerically tested. Some of them were also implemented in the retrofitting activities of two case study schools (one in each country). It was found that the adopted ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) considerably affect the results obtained with the software, especially for offshore earthquake scenarios. Furthermore, the results show that the masonry buildings would be the most damaged school typologies for all the scenarios considered. Additionally, a set of guidelines was created to support the school community and the technicians related to the construction industry. The goal of these documents is to increase the seismic resilience of the population. Different activities were carried out to train schoolteachers in seismic safety based on the guidelines produced, obtaining positive feedback from them.
- Comparative analysis between the Spanish and Portuguese seismic codes. Application to a border RC primary schoolPublication . Requena-García-Cruz, María-Victoria; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Segovia-Verjel, María-Luisa; Romero-Sánchez, Emilio; de Miguel-Rodríguez, Jaime; Estêvão, João M. C.The Iberian Peninsula is close to the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary resulting in a considerable seismic hazard. In fact, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula is affected by far away earthquakes of long-return period with large-very large magnitude. A project named PERSISTAH (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese) aims to cooperatively assess the seismic vulnerability of primary schools located in the Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain). Primary schools have been selected due to the considerable amount of similar buildings and their seismic vulnerability. In Portugal, the Decreto Lei 235/83 (RSAEEP) is mandatory while in Spain, the mandatory code is the Seismic Building Code (NCSE-02). In both countries, the Eurocode-8 (EC-8) is recommended. Despite the fact that both regions would be equally affected by an earthquake, both seismic codes are significantly different. This research compares the seismic action of Ayamonte (Huelva) and Vila Real de Santo António (Portugal). Both towns are very close and located at both sides of the border. Moreover, they share the same geology. This analysis has been applied considering a RC primary school building located in Huelva. To do so, the performance-based method has been used. The seismic action and the damage levels are compared and analysed. The results have shown considerable differences in the seismic actions designation, in the performance point values and in the damage levels. The values considered in the Portuguese code are significantly more unfavourable. An agreement between codes should be made for border regions.
- Por que é que o chão se move?Publication . Oliveira, Carlos Sousa; Estêvão, João M. C.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Romero Sánchez, Emilio; De Miguel Rodríguez, Jaime; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, Maria-Victoria; Sá, Luís; Amaral Ferreira, Mónica; Zapico Blanco, BeatrizFoi concebido para apoiar a formação de professores, monitores e técnicos da área educativa do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB), que queiram melhorar os seus conhecimentos e desenvolver atividades sobre o risco sísmico e de tsunami. Os conteúdos e informação contidos neste documento surgem de novas pesquisas agora realizadas, mas também na continuação de outros projectos em que a autora participou, designadamente o jogo sério "Treme-Treme".
- A cost-effective retrofitting technique for urm buildings based on steel encirclements in openings: a case studyPublication . Segovia-Verjel, María-Luisa; Justo-Moscardó, E.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, María-Victoria; Romero-Sánchez, Emilio; de-Miguel-Rodríguez, Jaime; Estêvão, João M. C.A project named PERSISTAH is being developed to study the seismic vulnerability of primary schools in Huelva (Spain) and the Algarve (Portugal). This area has a moderate seismicity but this is affected by a nearby area where earthquakes of large magnitude (Mw≥6) and longreturn periods happen. The seismic vulnerability of URM (UnReinforced Masonry) buildings has been observed and analysed in the last decades. The seismic retrofitting of these buildings is required in order to improve their seismic behaviour. Many retrofitting techniques have been developed for that purpose, most of them very complicated and expensive. Therefore, these are not appropriate to retrofit a large number of buildings. This is especially relevant in areas of moderate seismicity where the cost-efficiency ratio must be carefully considered. The aim of this paper has been to develop a simple, effective and affordable technique to retrofit these buildings. These buildings are characterised by numerous openings which causes a great weakness in the URM walls. Then, a technique that consists in installing a steel encirclement or a grille in the openings of the walls has been proposed. This is a specific retrofitting technique for URM walls since this technique substantially improves the seismic capacity of these structures. To test the technique a case study is proposed. The building under study is a primary school located in Huelva and built in 1961. Results have shown that the capacity of the building is notably increased. Also, the performance point and the damage level of the structure are decreased.
- Practical guide for earthquake resilient schoolsPublication . Oliveira, C.S.; Estêvão, João M. C.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Romero Sánchez, Emilio; de Miguel Rodríguez, Jaime; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, Maria-Victoria; Sá, Luís; Amaral Ferreira, Mónica; Zapico Blanco, BeatrizThis guide is intended to be a resource, and not a manual, for increasing the resilience of an educational community, by showing the community what they can do on their own account and how they can strengthen their ability to handle seismic risk (for example, being informed and familiarised with the characteristics that affect the vulnerability of an area in the event of an earthquake, and prepared to protect the students under their tutelage before the earth shakes).
- Earthquake resilient schools in Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain)Publication . Estêvão, João Manuel Carvalho; Ferreira, Mónica A.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Martínez-Álvarez, Francisco; Fazendeiro-Sá, Luis; Requena-García-Cruz, Victoria; Segovia-Verjel, M. Luisa; Oliveira, Carlos S.Earthquake hazard is present in the south-western Iberian Peninsula (southern Portugal and south-western Spain), going beyond borders. Earthquakes cause important impacts in children. Consequently, schools play a vital role in increasing the seismic resilience. This can be regarded in two manners: (i) by decreasing the structural vulnerability launching retrofitting programs and (ii) by increasing the awareness and capacity of the student population in dealing with the phenomenon before, during and after the event. A project named Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese (PERSISTAH) aims the development of diagnostic tools, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of primary schools in both regions. Preparing support material for teachers is also intended. All these aims are developed in compliance with the National Civil Protection Policies of both Portugal and Spain. Both countries have signed the Hyogo and Sendai Agreements for disaster risk reduction. PERSISTAH proposes accomplishing the following tasks: creating a hierarchy system for the vulnerability of primary schools (school-score); forming mixed teams with experts from both countries to evaluate the school buildings; developing recommendations for rehabilitation with practical implementation in two pilot schools; and developing educational material and a practical guide to support the education and communication of risk to the school population. The general methodology to generate the school-score is presented in this paper.
- Segurança sísmica das escolas do primeiro ciclo do ensino básico: Algarve versus HuelvaPublication . Estêvão, João M. C.; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Oliveira, C.S.Um dos objetivos do projeto PERSISTAH, consistiu na avaliação da segurança sísmica de escolas do primeiro ciclo do ensino básico existentes nas regiões vizinhas do Algarve (Portugal) e Huelva (Espanha). Um dos grandes desafios enfrentados no projeto, foi o facto da legislação em vigor nesses dois países ser bastante diferente, nomeadamente o valor da ação sísmica a adotar na verificação da segurança sísmica. Para melhor dar resposta a este desafio, foi desenvolvido um programa informático que possibilitou a avaliação simultânea da segurança sísmica de um conjunto alargado de escolas existentes em ambas as regiões, tendo por base análises não lineares realizadas para dois tipos possíveis de ação sísmica: a ação regulamentar de cada uma das regiões; cenários de ocorrência de sismos com determinadas características, com recurso a leis de atenuação. O programa informático possibilitou o estudo comparativo dos possíveis efeitos de sismos que possam vir a afetar estas duas regiões do sul da Península Ibérica. Os resultados mostram que uma construção escolar pode não verificar o nível de segurança que é agora estabelecido na NP EN 1998-3:2017 para o Algarve, e, como tal, de necessitar de medidas de reforço sísmico, mas caso essa mesma construção estivesse localizada do outro lado do Rio Guadiana, em Espanha, então já não necessitaria de qualquer tipo de reabilitação sísmica. Para que possam ser clarificados os motivos do problema observado, foram determinadas as respostas estruturais de algumas escolas, para a ação sísmica regulamentar estabelecida para Vila Real de Santo António (Algarve) e para Aiamonte (Huelva), assim como para dois possíveis cenários de ocorrência de sismos (um sismo próximo e um afastado).
- Rehabilitación sísmica estructural de colegios de educación primariaPublication . Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Romero Sánchez, Emilio; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Requena-Garcia-Cruz, Maria-Victoria; de Miguel Rodríguez, Jaime; Estêvão, João M. C.El presente libro tiene como objetivo la presentación del trabajo desarro-llado en el proyecto europeo de investigación PERSISTAH (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, en portugués), el cual se ha desarrollado de forma cooperativa por la Universidad de Sevilla (España) y la Universidad del Algarve (Portugal). Dicho proyecto de investigación se centra en el estudio y la valoración del riesgo sísmico de edificios de educación primaria en el territorio del Algarve (Portugal) y Huelva (España). Para ello se han tenido en cuenta los objetivos establecidos por las Plataformas Nacionales para la Reducción de Riesgo de Catástrofes (PNRRC) de las Comisiones Na-cionales de Protección Civil de Portugal y de España.