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- Tunning processes for organic matter removal from slaughterhouse wastewater treated by immediate one-step lime precipitation and atmospheric carbonationPublication . Simão Madeira, Luís Miguel; Almeida, Adelaide; Rosa Da Costa, Ana; Mestre, Ana S.; Carvalho, Fátima; Ribau Teixeira, MargaridaAdsorption using unmodified/modified commercial activated carbons and constructed wetlands (CW) planted with Vetiveria zizanioides were evaluated as tuning processes for lowering chemical oxygen demand (COD) from slaughterhouse wastewater pretreated by the integrated process of immediate one-step lime precipitation and atmospheric carbonation. Powdered and granular activated carbons (PAC and GAC), and PAC and GAC incorporated with iron oxide nanoparticles (PACMAG and GACMAG) were used. COD removal using different adsorbent separation methods (i.e., sedimentation, filtration, or magnetic separation) was also evaluated. The adsorption results indicated that the best adsorbent doses and contact times of the studied adsorbents were 70 g L-1 and 5 min for PAC and PACMAG, and 60 g L-1 and 60 min for GAC and GACMAG. Under optimized conditions, GAC (75.7 +/- 1.0%) and GACMAG (73.5 +/- 2.1%) were more efficient than PAC (59.7 +/- 1.0%) and PACMAG (59.0 +/- 0.0%) in removing COD. The incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles in GAC and PAC did not affect the adsorption of COD. The Temkin model was the best isotherm model found for PAC and PACMAG, while for GAC and GACMAG was the BET model. Pseudo-order n kinetic model was the best kinetic model found for all the adsorbents tested. There were no significant differences in the removal of COD between filtration and magnetic separations. Phytoremediation results indicated that increased COD removal efficiency occurred when the applied COD mass load decreased or when the bed depth was increased. Maximum COD removals of around 89.9-95.0% were achieved. Vetiveria zizanioides showed no signs of toxicity throughout the trials.
- Vertical flow constructed wetland as a green solution for low biodegradable and high nitrogen wastewater: A case study of explosives industryPublication . Madeira, Luís Miguel; Carvalho, Fatima; Teixeira, Margarida Ribau; Ribeiro, Carlos; Almeida, AdelaideThe removal of nitrogen compounds from a pretreated explosives wastewater in vertical flow constructed wetland planted with Vetiveria zizanioides (0.24 m(2) x 0.70 m), filled with light expanded clay aggregates (Leca (R) NR 10/20), was studied. Experiments under constant hydraulic load, 50 +/- 4 Lm(-2) d(-1) and 83 +/- 5 L m(-2) d(-1) without and with flooding level (25%), respectively, were made at different ammonium (3-48 mg NH4+-N L-1), nitrate (56-160 mg NO3--N L-1) and nitrite (0.3-1.1 mg NO2--N L-1) concentrations. Results indicate that without flooding level (unsaturated) the removal efficiencies obtained were 30 +/- 9, 7 +/- 1 and 96 +/- 2%, respectively to NH4+-N, NO3--N and NO2--N. When using flooding level and an external carbon source (C/N ratio from 1.3 +/- 0.19 to 2.5 +/- 0.20), the organic matter (COD) removal efficiencies were above 90%, 75% for NH4+-N and 55% to NO3--N. Increasing the C/N ratio from 2.9 +/- 0.21 to 4 +/- 0.22 did not contributed to upgrade the efficiencies of COD, NH4+-N and NO3--N removal. The denitrification process was occurred in aerobic conditions and nitrite production have ben occurred, probably due to the presence of aerobic conditions that inhibited partially denitrification. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Reutilização de águas resultantes da produção de explosivos: caso de estudo empresa “X”Publication . Madeira, Luís Miguel Simão; Madeira, Luís Miguel Simão; Teixeira, Margarida Ribau; Carvalho, Maria de Fátima Nunes deAs águas residuais resultantes da produção dos explosivos da empresa “X” caraterizam-se físico-quimicamente por conterem uma elevada carga orgânica (5922 mg O2 L-1) com muito reduzida biodegradabilidade (CBO5/CQO = 0,009), concentrações de azoto muito elevadas (1553,9 mg N-NH4+ L-1 e 7233 mg NO3- L-1) e um teor de óleos e gorduras de 285,3 mg L-1. Com objetivo de tratar este efluente, desenvolveu-se um sistema de tratamento, que consistiu na precipitação química em meio básico com Ca(OH)2, carbonatação natural e afinação em zona húmida artificial plantada com Vetivera zizanioides. No processo de precipitação química estudou-se o efeito da dose de cal sobre vários parâmetros físico-químicos, tendo sido escolhida a dose de Ca(OH)2 de 7,76 g L-1 que eleva o pH da água a 10, resulta num efluente límpido e permite atingir remoções de CQO de 92%, óleos e gorduras de 98% e elimina totalmente a matéria orgânica azotada. O sobrenadante obtido apresenta um pH de cerca de 10 e foi neutralizado numa etapa de carbonatação com CO2 atmosférico. Ao fim de 11 dias conseguiu-se a remoção simultânea de 61 % de NH4+, que lhe confere potencialidades para ser utilizado como fertilizante em fertirrega. A etapa de precipitação produziu um precipitado abundante que sedimenta em manto para tempos de retenção hidráulica de 46 minutos com uma percentagem de lamas reduzida, 4,5 %. Adicionalmente foi avaliada a possibilidade de tratamento por zonas húmidas artificais com Vetivera zizanioides sob fluxo sub-superficial vertical, o que permitiu conhecer os processos biológicos envolvidos por análise de vários parâmetros, conhecer as melhores condições operatórias aplicadas para remover maiores cargas mássicas de azoto amoniacal e de nitratos. Apesar de o tratamento proposto ser viável, os resultados evidenciaram que ainda há necessidade de fazer melhorias no tratamento proposto na remoção de azoto amoniacal, matéria orgânica e nitratos.