Browsing by Author "Kozak, Metin"
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- Assessing lake-destination image: insights from the industry sidePublication . Rodrigues, Ana Isabel; Correia, Antónia; Kozak, MetinPurpose - The literature review reveals that lake tourism and lake-destination areas (LDA) have been particularly absent from destination image (DI) studies over 45 years of research. In fact, there is a lack of research concerning the characteristics of lake tourism, particularly related to the attributes involved in the formation of lake-DI. Therefore, this paper aims to explore lake tourism and lake-DI based on the Alqueva Lake more thoroughly, it being the biggest man-made lake in Europe, as an emerging lake-destination area located in the south of Portugal. Design/methodology/approach - Within this, the perceptions of stakeholders professionally involved with this type of destination were examined through 17 semi-structured interviews based on content-analysis as a qualitative technique. Framed by the important contribution of visual-based research in tourism studies, this study adopts two approaches: an attribute-based approach (textual data) and a photo-based approach (visual data), to strengthen the concept, characteristics and dimensions of lake tourism and image attributes applied to this type of destinations. Multiple techniques of extracting data were used, demonstrating the importance of using various techniques in obtaining image attributes as a first step in assessing DIs. Findings - The findings revealed textual and pictorial attributes related to lake tourism and LDA, which confirms that although image attributes are universally important, depicting specific attributes is important considering particular types of tourism, such as lake tourism. Originality/value - This is a very recent sub-field of DI studies, which justifies its investigation on a theoretical as well as on a practical management level.
- Brand assets: a prerequisite to promoting a developing destinationPublication . Turgambekova, Zhansaya; Kozak, Metin; Correia, AntóniaPurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and test a practical model to identify a developing destination's assets. Using the existing destination branding concepts and theories in the research, this study aims to identify how the assets of a developing destination differ from those of a developed destination.Design/methodology/approachThe study followed the "practical model for determining destination assets" proposed in the article. The first stage includes collecting the information on the tourism potential of the destination. In the second stage, in-depth interviews were carried out with information carriers of a developing destination and analyzed by highlighting keywords in the responses. The following stages include the questionnaire survey, factor analysis and segmentation analysis.FindingsThe following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study. First, the assets of a developing destination, recreation areas, attractive visitor facilities and obligatory additional services are rational. Second, the assets used for destination branding are based on their unique character. According to the analysis results, the Almaty region's unique character is associated with natural resources. The direction of recreation in the Almaty region boils down to two components: cognitive tourism and sports tourism.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, given that external tourism faced significant constraints during the pandemic, we must acknowledge that a study of destination branding may be more appropriate before or after the pandemic. Second, the survey was conducted online in connection with the introduction of quarantine measures. Third, the assets of a developing destination were selected based on the results of the interviews. In future studies, including other attributes may allow the identification of new assets for branding.Practical implicationsThe practical destination branding model presented in the study has practical implications for destination authorities. Using the proposed model, assets of other destinations can be identified. In addition, the results of the analysis of the Almaty region as a developing destination will be effective for destination authorities in developing their tourism programs. Recreation areas, attractive tourism facilities and obligatory additional services can be used in destination branding.Social implicationsThis study drew on the experience of the population's ambassador activity. The in-depth interview was obtained from the destination's tourism informants, and the survey aimed to identify public opinion. The residents who participated in the interview and survey perform an ambassadorial function in strengthening the identified assets of the destination and implementing tourism programs. Accordingly, there is a growing sense of pride in being a resident of the destination.Originality/valueThe study has both theoretical and practical significance with the following results. First, it provides insights on enhancing public participation from the beginning of the destination branding process and respecting the continuation of its ambassadorial activities, provided that the identified destination assets are rational. Second, destination asset associations for developing destinations are presented. Third, the study creates a realistic picture of the Almaty region as a destination for visitors and destination authorities.
- Combining visual and textual data for assessing destination image: Lake tourism examplePublication . Rodrigues, Ana Isabel; Correia, Antónia; Kozak, MetinLake-destination areas are highly favoured places for tourists due to their aquatic environment as well as areas' rich surrounding regions. Existing literature on marketing lake-destination marketing lacks insights to identify the main image attributes driving visitors and understanding the lake tourism concept. The present study examines textual and pictorial data to generate image variables about Alqueva Lake, Portugal, the largest manmade lake in Europe. Results provide insights to characterize the potential of lake-destinations and to develop a final list of variables specifically related to this destination type. The aim is also to help those involved in marketing the Alqueva Lake as a destination to identify and propose an adequate strategy.
- Conspicuous consumption of the elite: Social and self-congruity in tourism choicesPublication . Correia, Antónia; Kozak, Metin; Reis Figueiredo, HelenaThis paper relies on social and economic psychology to explore how the travel choices of Portuguese citizens, with different status levels in their daily lives, perceive and adopt different conspicuous travel patterns because of public exposure. To account for the moderated role of public exposure on conspicuous travel patterns, 36 Portuguese citizens were interviewed. Q-methods were applied to explore the varying senses of conspicuous travel choices among citizens with different levels of public exposure, both individually and relative to each other. Complementary qualitative methods were applied, in order to explore how the interviewees construct tourism conspicuous meanings that match their social or self-representations. The results suggest that social contexts moderate the ways in which individuals perceive and experience conspicuous travel. Further, the results show that public groups with higher exposure tend to prefer subtle signals of conspicuousness, in order to differentiate themselves from the mainstream.
- Determinants of citations in tourism and hospitality studiesPublication . Correia, Antónia; Rodrigues, Paulo Manuel Marques; Kozak, Metin; Raposo, PedroCitation metrics are frequently used to assess research and rank journals and researchers. Nevertheless, this is still a process with asymmetric information. Tourism research has matured within a small community and through a multidisciplinary scientific paradigm. This paper aims to understand the determinants of tourism research citation patterns. To this end, 101,968 papers within fifteen years (2004-2018) are analysed. Our empirical results suggest that authors' prestige, the multidisciplinary nature of research, and the impact factor of journals and bibliometric articles will likely increase an article's citations. This paper represents a step forward in understanding the citation formation process in tourism research.
- Examining the meaning of luxury in tourism: a mixed-method approachPublication . Correia, Antónia; Kozak, Metin; Del Chiappa, GiacomoThis paper adopts a mixed method approach to examine antecedents and consequents of luxury tourism. Specifically, a structural model was proposed to depict what motivates tourists to make a luxury-driven tourism trip and what they expect from it. The antecedents and consequences of attitudes was then depicted through content analysis of 431 narratives. The study demonstrates that luxury has more a socially driven meaning than a self-constructed meaning, though narratives are more fluid on personal achievements. Regardless of the ambivalent nature of this concept, the defined traits of luxury tourism contribute to establishing a common set of practices to develop and make luxury intelligible.
- From mass marketing to personalized digital marketing in tourism: a 2050 horizon paperPublication . Kozak, Metin; Correia, AntóniaPurpose - The academic background of tourism marketing dates back to the 1960s. There had been a slight increase in its capacity until the early 1990s. However, since then, it has boomed, reaching thousands of scientific journal articles and tens of scientific books published only in English each year. Therefore, this study aims to present how tourism marketing has progressed academically within the past 60 years over four waves and how this progress may move forward as the next wave. Design/methodology/approach - A bibliometric analysis grounds this study, which characterizes the past and present of tourism marketing research and anticipates the future. Content analysis, such as word clouds and social network analysis, was adopted to identify topic clusters and their connections. A total of 9,239 articles published between 1969 and 2024 were extracted from Scopus. Software packages such as VOSviewer were used to determine connections within topics. Findings - The authors have assessed the findings broadly. Four waves were from the late 1960s to the first quarter of 2000. In spite of the limited size of papers at the early stage, the last wave saw a boom and a diversified number and category of subjects studied. In each wave, new subjects were added to broaden the picture. Research limitations/implications - The discussion of findings is based only on those scientific papers published in English since 1969 but excludes the whole list of textbooks. Subsequent research should also consider all papers and textbooks released in different languages to have the broadest picture assessment worldwide. Practical implications - The study conveys various suggestions for industry practitioners and policymakers to focus on carefully assessing trends in marketing tourism services and how these may be shaped shortly. This may help practitioners and policymakers redesign their services and marketing strategies in light of future developments. Originality/value - This study continues a recent study published by Kozak (2023) that has been elaborated, particularly from the industry perspective. The current study examines the academic profile of all subjects investigated in the case of tourism marketing, but mainly in an academic sense. Accordingly, this paper outlines the facts and trends researchers may follow throughout the research frame published in the past six decades.
- Gastronomy experiential traits and their effects on intentions for recommendation: a fuzzy set approachPublication . Correia, Antónia; Kim, Seongseop (Sam); Kozak, MetinLocal food is a motivation that drives international tourists to visit a certain destination and to enrich their experiential quality. Although considerable effort has been exerted in investigating the relationship between the importance of local food and satisfaction and future intentions, no study has explored gastronomical experience by using fuzzy set analysis. The present study aims to explore the influence of local food attributes on customer satisfaction and intentions to recommend through a fuzzy set analysis. This study uses empirical data from 1,376 international tourists visiting Hong Kong. Findings suggest that the attributes of local food and their influence on the intentions to recommend vary in accordance with the type of restaurants operating in Hong Kong. The results of this study shed practical implications, such as the development of different symbolic meanings of gastronomy and service for international diners at different restaurants.
- Impacts of COVID-19 on changing patterns of household food consumption: an intercultural study of three countriesPublication . Kartari, Asker; Özen, Asli Emine; Correia, Antónia; Wen, Jun; Kozak, MetinIn light of COVID-19’s effects on individuals’ social, economic, political, and psychological values, this paper aims to investigate the pandemic’s role in possible changes to people’s food consumption and meal habits in three countries, namely China, Portugal, and Turkey. The sample includes individuals from the three countries, exploratory factor analysis and non-parametric tests were used to test the differences. Results suggest that coronavirus has played a strong part in altering households’ food consumption and meal habits within these countries. The pandemic has particularly led to greater consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and spending more time eating meals at home. Portugal appears to be consuming more seafood, bread, and butter whereas China features higher consumption of rice and meat products; Turkey is consuming more meat and eggs. The study closes with a set of recommendations for the society and future research.
- Introduction: reconstructing destination image-an experiential perspectivePublication . Correia, Antónia; Kozak, MetinThe literature review has demonstrated that des tination image, as a construct, is associated not only with objective or more factual information but also with an individual’s beliefs, feelings, and opinions about the experience they have on a destination (e.g., Gallarza, Saura, & Garcia, 2002). This expe rience involves a triad of relations within the place, the residents, and the tourists. That leads to the conclusion that destination image is experiential in its essence (Hudson & Ritchie, 2009), embedded in subjective traits that belong to different method ologies (Rodrigues, Correia, & Kozak, 2012). Fur thermore, the explosion of digital and virtual media reinforces the need for different methodologies to measure a construct that is cocreated at the time the tourist visits and is eminently symbolic and subjec tive (Govers, Go, & Kumar, 2007).