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- Tool skill impacts the archaeological evidence across technological primatesPublication . Luncz, Lydia V.; Slania, Nora E.; Almeida-Warren, Katarina; Carvalho, Susana; Falótico, Tiago; Malaivijitnond, Suchinda; Arroyo, Adrián; Torre, Ignacio de la; Proffitt, TomosThe archaeological record offers insights into our evolutionary past by revealing ancient behaviour through stone and fossil remains. Percussive foraging is suggested to be particularly relevant for the emergence of tool-use in our lineage, yet early hominin percussive behaviours remain largely understudied compared to flaked technology. Stone tool-use of extant primates allows the simultaneous investigation of their artefacts and the associated behaviours. This is important for understanding the development of tool surface modification, and crucial for interpreting damage patterns in the archaeological record. Here, we compare the behaviour and the resulting material record across stone tool-using primates. We investigate the relationship of nut-cracking technique and stone tool modification across chimpanzees, capuchins, and long-tailed macaques by conducting standardized field experiments with comparable raw materials. We show that different techniques likely emerged in response to diverse nut hardness, leading to variation in foraging success across species. Our experiments further demonstrate a correlation between techniques and the intensity of visible percussive damage on the tools. Tools used with more precision and efficiency as demonstrated by macaques, show fewer use wear traces. This suggests that some percussive techniques may be less readily identified in the archaeological record.
- Tropical field stations yield high conservation return on investmentPublication . Eppley, Timothy M.; Reuter, Kim E.; Sefczek, Timothy M.; Tinsman, Jen; Santini, Luca; Hoeks, Selwyn; Andriantsaralaza, Seheno; Shanee, Sam; Fiore, Anthony Di; Setchell, Joanna M.; Strier, Karen B.; Abanyam, Peter A.; Mutalib, Aini Hasanah Abd; Abwe, Ekwoge; Ahmed, Tanvir; Ancrenaz, Marc; Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali R.; Ang, Andie; Aureli, Filippo; Barrett, Louise; Beehner, Jacinta C.; Benítez, Marcela E.; Bezerra, Bruna M.; Bicca‐Marques, Júlio César; Bikaba, Dominique; Bitariho, Robert; Boesch, Christophe; Bolt, Laura M.; Boonratana, Ramesh; Butynski, Thomas M.; Canale, Gustavo R.; Chapman, Colin A.; Carvalho, Susana; Chetry, Dilip; Cheyne, Susan M.; Cords, Marina; Cornejo, Fanny M.; Cortés‐Ortiz, Liliana; Coudrat, Camille N. Z.; Crofoot, Margaret C.; Cronin, Drew T.; Dadjo, Alvine; Dakpogan, S. Chrystelle; Danquah, Emmanuel; Davenport, Tim R. B.; Jong, Yvonne A. de; Torre, Stella de la; Dempsey, Andrea; Dimalibot, Judeline C.; Dolch, Rainer; Donati, Giuseppe; Estrada, Alejandro; Farassi, Rassina A.; Fashing, Peter J.; Fernandez‐Duque, Eduardo; Silva, Maria J. Ferreira da; Fischer, Julia; Flores‐Negrón, César F.; Fruth, Barbara; Neba, Terence Fuh; Gamalo, Lief Erikson; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Garber, Paul A.; Gnanaolivu, Smitha D.; Gonder, Mary Katherine; Bi, Sery Ernest Gonedelé; Goossens, Benoit; Gordo, Marcelo; Guayasamin, Juan M.; Guzmán‐Caro, Diana C.; Halloran, Andrew R.; Hartel, Jessica A.; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Hill, Russell A.; Hockings, Kimberley J.; Hohmann, Gottfried; Hon, Naven; Houngbédji, Mariano G.; Huffman, Michael A.; Ikemeh, Rachel A.; Imong, Inaoyom; Irwin, Mitchell T.; Izar, Patrícia; Jerusalinsky, Leandro; Kalema‐Zikusoka, Gladys; Kaplin, Beth A.; Kappeler, Peter M.; Kivai, Stanislaus M.; Knott, Cheryl D.; Kolasartsanee, Intanon; Koops, Kathelijne; Kowalewski, Martin M.; Kujirakwinja, Deo; Kumar, Ajith; Le, Quyet K.; Lewis, Rebecca J.; Lin, Aung Ko; Link, Andrés; Loría, Luz I.; Lormie, Menladi M.; Louis, Edward E.; Lwin, Ngwe; Maisels, Fiona; Malaivijitnond, Suchinda; Marisa, Lesley; McCabe, Gráinne M.; McGraw, W. Scott; Mekonnen, Addisu; Méndez‐Carvajal, Pedro G.; Minhós, Tânia; Montgomery, David M.; Morelos‐Juárez, Citlalli; Morgan, Bethan J.; Morgan, David; Etingüe, Amancio Motove; Ndiaye, Papa Ibnou; Nekaris, K. Anne‐Isola; Nguyen, Nga; Nijman, Vincent; Nishuli, Radar; Norconk, Marilyn A.; Oklander, Luciana I.; Oktaviani, Rahayu; Ostner, Julia; Otali, Emily; Perry, Susan E.; Ramos, Eduardo J. Pinel; Porter, Leila M.; Pruetz, Jill D.; Pusey, Anne E.; Queiroz, Helder L.; Ramírez, Mónica A.; Randriatahina, Guy Hermas; Rasoanaivo, Hoby; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Ratsirarson, Joelisoa; Razafindramanana, Josia; Razafindratsima, Onja H.; Reynolds, Vernon; Rizaldi, Rizaldi; Robbins, Martha M.; Rodríguez, Melissa E.; Rosales‐Meda, Marleny; Sanz, Crickette M.; Sarkar, Dipto; Savage, Anne; Schreier, Amy L.; Schülke, Oliver; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Serio‐Silva, Juan Carlos; Setiawan, Arif; Seyjagat, John; Silva, Felipe E.; Sinclair, Elizabeth M.; Smith, Rebecca L.; Spaan, Denise; Stewart, Fiona A.; Strum, Shirley C.; Surbeck, Martin; Svensson, Magdalena S.; Talebi, Mauricio; Tédonzong, Luc Roscelin; Urbani, Bernardo; Valsecchi, João; Vasey, Natalie; Vogel, Erin R.; Wallace, Robert B.; Wallis, Janette; Waters, Siân; Wittig, Roman M.; Wrangham, Richard W.; Wright, Patricia C.; Mittermeier, Russell A.Conservation funding is currently limited; cost-effective conservation solutions are essential. We suggest that the thousands of field stations worldwide can play key roles at the frontline of biodiversity conservation and have high intrinsic value. We assessed field stations’ conservation return on investment and explored the impact of COVID-19. We surveyed leaders of field stations across tropical regions that host primate research; 157 field stations in 56 countries responded. Respondents reported improved habitat quality and reduced hunting rates at over 80% of field stations and lower operational costs per km2 than protected areas, yet half of those surveyed have less funding now than in 2019. Spatial analyses support field station presence as reducing deforestation. These “earth observatories” provide a high return on investment; we advocate for increased support of field station programs and for governments to support their vital conservation efforts by investing accordingly.