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- Destructive fishing: an expert‐driven definition and exploration of this quasi‐conceptPublication . McCarthy, Arlie Hannah; Steadman, Daniel; Richardson, Hannah; Murphy, Jack; Benbow, Sophie; Brian, Joshua I.; Brooks, Holly; Costa‐Domingo, Giulia; Hazin, Carolina; McOwen, Chris; Walker, Jessica; Willer, David F.; Abdi, Mohamad; Auster, Peter J.; Bealey, Roy; Bensted‐Smith, Robert; Broadburn, Kathryn; Carvalho, Gonçalo; Collinson, Tom; Erinosho, Bolanle; Fabinyi, Michael; Febrica, Senia; Forbi, Wilson Ngwa; Garcia, Serge M; Goad, David; Goldsworthy, Lynda; Govan, Hugh; Heaphy, Charles; Hiddink, Jan Geert; Hosch, Gilles; Kachelriess, Daniel; Kinch, Jeff; Lancaster, Alana Malinde S. N.; Manach, Frédéric Le; Matthews, Thomas; Ortiz, Alfonso Medellín; Morgan, Alexia; Motta, Helena; Murua, Hilario; Namboothri, Naveen; Ndiritu, Evelyne; Passfield, Kelvin; Pilcher, Nicolas J.; Portus, James O.; Rguez‐Baron, Juan M.; Robertson, Morven; Sharma, Abhilasha; Suazo, Cristián G.; Tamini, Leandro Luis; Vilata‐Simón, Juan; Mukherjee, NibeditaNumerous policy and international frameworks consider that “destructive fishing” hampers efforts to reach sustainability goals. Though ubiquitous, “destructive fishing” is undefined and therefore currently immeasurable. Here we propose a definition developed through expert consultation: “Destructive fishing is any fishing practice that causes irrecoverable habitat degradation, or which causes significant adverse environmental impacts, results in longterm declines in target or nontarget species beyond biologically safe limits and has negative livelihood impacts.” We show strong stakeholder support for a definition, consensus on many biological and ecological dimensions, and no clustering of respondents from different sectors. Our consensus definition is a significant step toward defining sustainable fisheries goals and will help interpret and implement global political commitments which utilize the term “destructive fishing.” Our definition and results will help reinforce the Food and Agricultural Organization’s Code of Conduct and meaningfully support member countries to prohibit destructive fishing practices.
- Tropical field stations yield high conservation return on investmentPublication . Eppley, Timothy M.; Reuter, Kim E.; Sefczek, Timothy M.; Tinsman, Jen; Santini, Luca; Hoeks, Selwyn; Andriantsaralaza, Seheno; Shanee, Sam; Fiore, Anthony Di; Setchell, Joanna M.; Strier, Karen B.; Abanyam, Peter A.; Mutalib, Aini Hasanah Abd; Abwe, Ekwoge; Ahmed, Tanvir; Ancrenaz, Marc; Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali R.; Ang, Andie; Aureli, Filippo; Barrett, Louise; Beehner, Jacinta C.; Benítez, Marcela E.; Bezerra, Bruna M.; Bicca‐Marques, Júlio César; Bikaba, Dominique; Bitariho, Robert; Boesch, Christophe; Bolt, Laura M.; Boonratana, Ramesh; Butynski, Thomas M.; Canale, Gustavo R.; Chapman, Colin A.; Carvalho, Susana; Chetry, Dilip; Cheyne, Susan M.; Cords, Marina; Cornejo, Fanny M.; Cortés‐Ortiz, Liliana; Coudrat, Camille N. Z.; Crofoot, Margaret C.; Cronin, Drew T.; Dadjo, Alvine; Dakpogan, S. Chrystelle; Danquah, Emmanuel; Davenport, Tim R. B.; Jong, Yvonne A. de; Torre, Stella de la; Dempsey, Andrea; Dimalibot, Judeline C.; Dolch, Rainer; Donati, Giuseppe; Estrada, Alejandro; Farassi, Rassina A.; Fashing, Peter J.; Fernandez‐Duque, Eduardo; Silva, Maria J. Ferreira da; Fischer, Julia; Flores‐Negrón, César F.; Fruth, Barbara; Neba, Terence Fuh; Gamalo, Lief Erikson; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Garber, Paul A.; Gnanaolivu, Smitha D.; Gonder, Mary Katherine; Bi, Sery Ernest Gonedelé; Goossens, Benoit; Gordo, Marcelo; Guayasamin, Juan M.; Guzmán‐Caro, Diana C.; Halloran, Andrew R.; Hartel, Jessica A.; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Hill, Russell A.; Hockings, Kimberley J.; Hohmann, Gottfried; Hon, Naven; Houngbédji, Mariano G.; Huffman, Michael A.; Ikemeh, Rachel A.; Imong, Inaoyom; Irwin, Mitchell T.; Izar, Patrícia; Jerusalinsky, Leandro; Kalema‐Zikusoka, Gladys; Kaplin, Beth A.; Kappeler, Peter M.; Kivai, Stanislaus M.; Knott, Cheryl D.; Kolasartsanee, Intanon; Koops, Kathelijne; Kowalewski, Martin M.; Kujirakwinja, Deo; Kumar, Ajith; Le, Quyet K.; Lewis, Rebecca J.; Lin, Aung Ko; Link, Andrés; Loría, Luz I.; Lormie, Menladi M.; Louis, Edward E.; Lwin, Ngwe; Maisels, Fiona; Malaivijitnond, Suchinda; Marisa, Lesley; McCabe, Gráinne M.; McGraw, W. Scott; Mekonnen, Addisu; Méndez‐Carvajal, Pedro G.; Minhós, Tânia; Montgomery, David M.; Morelos‐Juárez, Citlalli; Morgan, Bethan J.; Morgan, David; Etingüe, Amancio Motove; Ndiaye, Papa Ibnou; Nekaris, K. Anne‐Isola; Nguyen, Nga; Nijman, Vincent; Nishuli, Radar; Norconk, Marilyn A.; Oklander, Luciana I.; Oktaviani, Rahayu; Ostner, Julia; Otali, Emily; Perry, Susan E.; Ramos, Eduardo J. Pinel; Porter, Leila M.; Pruetz, Jill D.; Pusey, Anne E.; Queiroz, Helder L.; Ramírez, Mónica A.; Randriatahina, Guy Hermas; Rasoanaivo, Hoby; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Ratsirarson, Joelisoa; Razafindramanana, Josia; Razafindratsima, Onja H.; Reynolds, Vernon; Rizaldi, Rizaldi; Robbins, Martha M.; Rodríguez, Melissa E.; Rosales‐Meda, Marleny; Sanz, Crickette M.; Sarkar, Dipto; Savage, Anne; Schreier, Amy L.; Schülke, Oliver; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Serio‐Silva, Juan Carlos; Setiawan, Arif; Seyjagat, John; Silva, Felipe E.; Sinclair, Elizabeth M.; Smith, Rebecca L.; Spaan, Denise; Stewart, Fiona A.; Strum, Shirley C.; Surbeck, Martin; Svensson, Magdalena S.; Talebi, Mauricio; Tédonzong, Luc Roscelin; Urbani, Bernardo; Valsecchi, João; Vasey, Natalie; Vogel, Erin R.; Wallace, Robert B.; Wallis, Janette; Waters, Siân; Wittig, Roman M.; Wrangham, Richard W.; Wright, Patricia C.; Mittermeier, Russell A.Conservation funding is currently limited; cost-effective conservation solutions are essential. We suggest that the thousands of field stations worldwide can play key roles at the frontline of biodiversity conservation and have high intrinsic value. We assessed field stations’ conservation return on investment and explored the impact of COVID-19. We surveyed leaders of field stations across tropical regions that host primate research; 157 field stations in 56 countries responded. Respondents reported improved habitat quality and reduced hunting rates at over 80% of field stations and lower operational costs per km2 than protected areas, yet half of those surveyed have less funding now than in 2019. Spatial analyses support field station presence as reducing deforestation. These “earth observatories” provide a high return on investment; we advocate for increased support of field station programs and for governments to support their vital conservation efforts by investing accordingly.