Browsing by Author "Masselink, Gerd"
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- Detailed investigation of overwash on a gravel barrierPublication . Matias, Ana; Blenkinsopp, Chris E.; Masselink, GerdThis paper uses results obtained from a prototype-scale experiment (Barrier Dynamics Experiment; BARDEX) undertaken in the Delta flume, the Netherlands, to investigate overwash hydraulics and morphodynamics of a prototype gravel barrier. Gravel barrier behaviour depends upon a number of factors, including sediment properties (porosity, permeability, grain-size) and wave climate. Since overwash processes are known to control short-term gravel barrier dynamics and long-term barrier migration, a detailed quantification of overwash flow properties and induced bed-changes is crucial. Overwash hydrodynamics of the prototype gravel barrier focused on the flow velocity, depth and discharge over the barrier crest, and the overwash flow progression across and the infiltration through the barrier. During the BARDEX experiment, overwash peak depth (0.77 m), velocity (5 m s−1 ) and discharge (max. 6 m3 m−1 ) were high, especially considering the relatively modest wave energy (significant wave height = 0.8 m). Conversely to schemes found in the literature, average flow depth did not linearly decrease across the barrier; rather, it was characterised by a sudden decrease at the crest, a milder decrease at the barrier top and then propagation as a shallow water lens over the backbarrier. The barrier morphological evolution was analysed over a series of 15-min experimental runs and at the timescale of individual overwash events. Overall, the morphological variation did not result from an accumulation of many small consistently erosive or accretionary events, but rather the mean bed elevation change per event was quite large (10 mm) and the overall morphology change occurred due to a small imbalance in the number of erosive and accretionary events at each location. Two relationships between overwash hydrodynamic variables were deduced from results: (1) between overwash flow depth and velocity a power-type relation was obtained; and (2) a linear relation was observed between overwash flow depth and maximum overwash intrusion distance across the barrier top (i.e. overwash intrusion). Findings from this study are useful to enhance the knowledge of overwash processes and also have practical applications. On the one hand, results shown here can be use for the validation of overwash predictive models, and additionally, the simple empirical relations deduced from the dataset can be used by coastal managers to estimate overwash intrusion distance, which in turn can assist in the location of areas under risk of overwash and breaching.
- Field measurements and hydrodynamic modelling to evaluate the importance of factors controlling overwashPublication . Matias, Ana; Carrasco, A.R.; Loureiro, Carlos; Masselink, Gerd; Andriolo, Umberto; McCall, Robert; Ferreira, Oscar; Plomaritis, Theocharis; Pacheco, André; Guerreiro, MarthaOverwash hydrodynamic datasets are mixed in quality and scope, being difficult to obtain due to fieldwork experimental limitations. Nevertheless, these measurements are crucial to develop reliable models to predict overwash. Aiming to overcome such limitations, this work presents accurate fieldwork data on overwash hydrodynamics, further exploring it to model overwash on a low-lying barrier island. Fieldwork was undertaken on Barreta Island (Portugal) in December 2013, during neap tides and under energetic conditions, with significant wave height reaching 2.6 m. During approximately 4 h, more than 120 shallow overwash events were measured with a video-camera, a pressure transducer and a current-meter. This high-frequency fieldwork dataset includes runup, overwash number, depth and velocity. Fieldwork data along with information from literature were used to implement XBeach model in non-hydrostatic mode (wave-resolving). The baseline model was tested for six verification cases; and the model was able to predict overwash in five. Based in performance metrics and the verification cases, it was considered that the Barreta baseline overwash model is a reliable tool for the prediction of overwash hydrodynamics. The baseline model was then forced to simulate overwash under different hydrodynamic conditions (waves and lagoon water level) and morpho-sedimentary settings (nearshore topography and beach grain-size), within the characteristic range of values for the study area. According to the results, the order of importance of factors controlling overwash predictability in the study area are: 1st) wave height (more than wave period) can promote overwash 3–4 times more intense than the one recorded during fieldwork; 2nd) nearshore bathymetry, particularly shallow submerged bars, can promote an average decrease of about 30% in overwash; 3rd) grain-size, finer sediment produced an 11% increase in overwash due to reduced infiltration; and 4th) lagoon water level, only negligible differences were evidenced by changes in the lagoon level. This implies that for model predictions to be reliable, accurate wave forecasts are necessary and topo-bathymetric configuration needs to be monitored frequently.
- Large-scale Barrier Dynamics Experiment II (BARDEX II): experimental design, instrumentation, test program, and data setPublication . Masselink, Gerd; Ruju, Andrea; Conley, Daniel; Turner, Ian; Ruessink, Gerben; Matias, Ana; Thompson, Charlie; Castelle, Bruno; Puleo, Jack; Citerone, Veronica; Wolters, GuidoDespite the increased sophistication of numerical models and field techniques for investigating wave-induced nearshore sediment transport and ensuing beach morphological response, there remains a significant demand for large-scale laboratory experiments to address this research topic. Here, we describe the Barrier Dynamics II Experiment (BARDEX II), which involved placing a near prototype-scale sandy barrier in the middle of the Delta Flume in the Netherlands and subjecting the structure to a range of wave, tide, and water level conditions. A unique aspect of the experiment was the presence of a lagoon behind the barrier, as often occurs in natural barrier settings, providing a convenient means to experimentally manipulate the groundwater hydrology within the barrier. The overall aim of the BARDEX II was to collect a large-scale data set of energetic waves acting on a sandy beach/barrier system to improve our quantitative understanding and modeling capability of shallow water sediment transport processes in the inner surf, swash, and overwash zone. In this paper, we introduce BARDEX II and provide a detailed description of the experiment, including the experimental design, instrumentation, test program, and data set, as well as presenting some examples of the morphological and hydrodynamic data set. We also reflect objectively on the strengths and weaknesses of the data set. This paper serves as an introduction to a special issue of Coastal Engineering, solely devoted to the results of BARDEX II. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Measurements of morphodynamic and hydrodynamic overwash processes in a large-scale wave flumePublication . Matias, Ana; Masselink, Gerd; Castelle, Bruno; Blenkinsopp, Chris E.; Kroon, AartOverwash is an important process that controls short-term barrier dynamics, as well as long-term barrier migration, but this process is difficult to study in the field due to its rare occurrence and the challenging conditions under which it occurs. This paper uses data collected during the BARDEX II experiment in the Delta Flume, the Netherlands, where a proto-type barrier was subjected to a range of wave and water level conditions. The objectives of this research are to: (1) compare the morphologic response to overwash on a gravel barrier (BARDEX 2008 experiment) with that on a sandy barrier (BARDEX II); (2) understand the influence of wave period on overwash characteristics and sediment transport; and (3) improve current knowledge of overwash hydrodynamics. The comparative analysis shows that barrier overwash can be affected by negative feedback that stabilises the barrier through barrier crest accretion on gravel barriers, and by submerged bar development on sandy barriers. An increase in the wave period induced a reduction in overwash frequency over the crest, but no significant relation was found between wave peak period and overwash discharge. Nevertheless, overall water discharge during an overwash episode significantly correlates with overall overwash sediment transport rate. Overwash flow depths during the experiment were relatively shallow and velocities were similar compared to those measured during previous studies and reported in the literature. Despite the controlled laboratory conditions, collection of reliable and accurate measurements of overwash velocities remains challenging. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.