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- Stage-specific responses of Senegalese sole postlarvae to micro- and macroalgae dietary blendsPublication . Oliveira, Carolina Salgueiro Brinca Freitas de; Engrola, Sofia; Teodósio, RitaImproving robustness of postlarval fish through diet is a priority in hatchery production, with macro- and microalgae emerging as bioactive functional ingredients whose impacts can vary with developmental stage and composition. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with combinations of macroalgae (Ulva sp.) and microalgae (Tisochrysis lutea or Pavlova gyrans) on growth performance, oxidative status, and immune resilience in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) postlarvae. Three experimental diets were tested: a CTRL, similar to a commercial diet; and two diets consisting of the CTRL diet supplemented with biomass of Ulva sp. combined with either T. lutea (ULTISO) or P. gyrans (ULPAVL). Growth performance parameters were assessed until 38 DAH. Following this period, fish were exposed to a short-term immune-boosting dietary intervention containing Skeletonema costatum (BOOST) prior to transport and bacterial challenge with Tenacibaculum maritimum. Results showed that ULPAVL-fed fish exhibited significantly lower growth performance (dry weight and total length) compared to the control and ULTISO groups, which performed similarly. Oxidative status analysis at 38 DAH revealed increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the ULTISO group, whereas lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced in ULPAVL-fed fish. Despite administration of the BOOST diet, no significant differences in oxidative markers or related gene expression were observed across treatments at 45 DAH. Moreover, gene expression of catalase and claudin 15 was downregulated in the ULTISO group after infection, suggesting impaired antioxidant defense and epithelial integrity. These results highlight the complexity of using algae-derived additives in larval fish diets and emphasize the importance of formulating stage-specific feeds tailored to the developmental status of the fish, in order to promote growth potential while enhancing robustness. Future research should focus on optimizing both the composition and inclusion levels of algae to support performance and resilience in marine aquaculture systems.