Browsing by Author "Raja, Rathinam"
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- A realistic scenario on microalgae based biodiesel production: third generation biofuelPublication . Ananthi, V.; Raja, Rathinam; Carvalho, Isabel Saraiva de; Brindhadevi, Kathirvel; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Arun, A.Microalgae are the widely employed sources of third generation biofuels, which attracted huge attention by the researchers of the present decade because of their great productivity with lipid content. But to date, the utilization of microalgae for renewable biofuel production is not considered economically viable. The various growth modes employed for microalgal cultivation, such as phototrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, photo-heterotrophic has been compared and conferred in the current investigation. A wide variety of microalgal harvesting techniques that balance energy and economic sustainability is being carried out nowadays. Based on the culture employed, mode and conditions of microalgal cultivation, the choice of bioreactor differs like an open system or closed system bioreactor. This review discusses the basis, key challenges and the future perspective of present-day microalgal cultivation conditions regarding biomass and lipid production. Concurrently the impacts of cultivation mode, bioreactor used for lipid productivity to improve profitable microalgal biodiesel have also been summarized.
- Current strategies and prospects in algae for remediation and biofuels: an overviewPublication . Kandasamy, Sabariswaran; Narayanan, Mathiyazhagan; He, Zhixia; Liu, Guanglong; Ramakrishnan, Muthusamy; Thangavel, Palaniswamy; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Raja, Rathinam; Carvalho, Isabel S.Phycoremediation is an environmentally sustainable method that utilizes macro and microalgae to remediate polluted land and water. Phycoremediation consists of two elements: the microbial niche around the algae and the second by the algae itself, which absorb and degrade the toxic pollutants into less or non-toxic components. The advanced gene cloning technology on algae could improve gene efficiency and produce the active xenobiotic degrading enzyme. As a result, remedial rates have improved, allowing large areas of contaminated sites to be addressed in the process of large-scale application. Many organizations worldwide are already focusing on this bioremediation element, special attention on algae to replace the costly physical or chemical remediation methods. Thus, this review reported the Scenedesmus sp. algae used in the polluted tannery site, and the maximum removal was observed in Pb: 75-98% and Zn: 65-98%. Scenedesmus obliquus illustrated the significant Fe3+ (100%) removal applied in the polluted soil. Moreover, since nuclear and chloroplast transformations are important in commercial applications, C. reinhardtii remains the most effective transgenic algae applied for pollutant deduction. It was discovered that Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, and Scenedesmus sp. had the highest pollutant removal efficacy in medicine polluted sites. Furthermore, Kirchneriella sp. and Enteromorpha clathrate were observed to have the largest algal oil yield than other algal species.
- Isolation and characterization of two novel plasmids pCYM01 and pCYM02 of Cylindrospermum stagnalePublication . Ganesan, Venkatesan; Raja, Rathinam; Hemaiswarya, Shanmugam; Carvalho, Isabel S.; Anand, NarayanaswamyCyanobacteria play a vital role in supplying nitrogen into the soil and aquatic ecosystem. It has an extra chromosomal DNA, whose role is not yet defined well. Isolation and characterization of extra chromosomal DNA in cyanobacteria might help to understand its survival mechanism. Cylindrospermum stagnale isolated (and deposited in NRMCF 3001) from soil showed presence of four plasmids namely pCYLM01, pCYLM02, pCYLM03, and pCYLM04. The following plasmids pCYLM01 and pCYLM02 were subjected to restriction digestion using HindIII restriction enzyme and cloned into pBlueScriptSK(-) vector. The sequence of pCYLM01 contained 4 potential open reading frames (ORFs) that have amino acids in the range of 59-299. Among them, ORF1 shows high sequence homology to the bacterial replication initiator family protein as evident from BLASTP analysis. The analysis of 4359 bp plasmid pCYLM02 sequence revealed 7 ORFs which are longer than 50 amino acids in length. The ORF2 of pCYLM02 has 243 amino acids and is represented in the plasmid sequence from 3045 to 3776 bp. The ORF3 of pCYLM02 corresponds to the plasmid sequence from 2323 to 2976 and codes for a putative protein of 217 amino acids long. A number of small ORFs below 50 bp were also found in the sequence analysis.
- Recent developments in therapeutic applications of CyanobacteriaPublication . Raja, Rathinam; Hemaiswarya, Shanmugam; Ganesan, Venkatesan; Carvalho, Isabel Saraiva deThe cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes having applications in human health with numerous biological activities and as a dietary supplement. It is used as a food supplement because of its richness in nutrients and digestibility. Many cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp, Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp, Oscillatoria sp., etc.) produce a great variety of secondary metabolites with potent biological activities. Cyanobacteria produce biologically active and chemically diverse compounds belonging to cyclic peptides, lipopeptides, fatty acid amides, alkaloids and saccharides. More than 50% of the marine cyanobacteria are potentially exploitable for extracting bioactive substances which are effective in killing cancer cells by inducing apoptotic death. Their role as anti-viral, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, anti-HIV and a food additive have also been well established. However, such products are at different stages of clinical trials and only a few compounds have reached to the market.