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- Anti-inflammatory activity of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils: mechanisms, applications, and recent findingsPublication . Gago, Custódia; Serralheiro, Ana; Miguel, Maria da GraçaThymol, a monoterpenoid phenol present in the essential oils of several aromatic plants, has attracted considerable attention for its anti-inflammatory effects, often in combination with other bioactive compounds. This work explores the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory activity of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils, summarizing recent experimental findings. Inflammation, a key factor in numerous chronic diseases, can be modulated by targeting essential molecular pathways, such as MAPK, NF-kappa B, JAK/STAT, and arachidonic acid signaling. Thymol has been shown to influence these pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Beyond its anti-inflammatory effects, thymol also exhibits a broad range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The applications of thymol and thymol-containing essential oils in therapeutic formulations, food additives, and veterinary medicine are also reviewed. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges such as low bioavailability and toxicity at high doses limit their clinical use. Recent developments in drug delivery systems, such as encapsulation in micro- and nanoparticles, are suggested as strategies to enhance efficacy. Additionally, the synergistic effects of thymol with other natural products are examined, offering the potential for improved therapeutic outcomes.
- Psychopathy: what are fearless people afraid of?Publication . Coelho, Carlos M.; Araújo, Ana S.; Suttiwan, Panrapee; Barbosa, Fernando; Bento, Tiago; Zsido, Andras N.Introduction: Historically, the distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy has focused on fear or lack thereof and limited anxiety symptoms. Individuals high in primary psychopathy traits often exhibit little or no anxiety or fear. These traits are key features, and several methods used to differentiate primary and secondary psychopathy emphasize fear and anxiety as key discriminators. However, there is limited evidence on what individuals high in psychopathy traits might specifically fear. Most previous studies have either included specific phobias within an anxiety cluster, thereby precluding the possibility of observing the number and type of phobias reported by participants with psychopathic traits, or have addressed specific phobias in general without further detailing the specific fears to which these participants were referring. Methods: This study attempts to address this evidence gap by using the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale to measure psychopathy and the Fear Survey Schedule III to measure phobic anxiety. Results: Results indicate that individuals with higher levels of secondary psychopathy report a greater number of specific fears. In contrast, those with primary psychopathy show fear or discomfort primarily related to seeing naked people. Discussion: These findings are discussed in detail.