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- Unveiling the chemistry and bioactivity of bee products and their derivativesPublication . Anjos, Ofélia; Miguel, Maria da GraçaApiculture, or beekeeping, refers to the cultivation and management of honey bees for honey and byproducts, including the extraction, bottling, and sale of hive products such as honey, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom, bee pollen, bee bread and other fermented bee products [1]. Honey is a supersaturated solution or semi-solid natural sweet product produced by both honey bees (Apis subfamily) and stingless bees (Meliponinae subfamily) from carbohydrate-containing exudates produced by plants, mainly from nectar sources. The most common honey bee is Apis mellifera L., whereas stingless bees comprise multiple genera, including Scaptotrigona, Melipona and Trigona, with the last two being the most domesticated worldwide [1,2,3]. Honeydew honey is also a sweet natural product produced by bees from honeydew (sugary substance that aphids release on the bark or other parts of plants after assimilating the lymph) [1,2,3,4]. Honey is a complex mixture of carbohydrates along with other less common components like vitamins, minerals, lipids, organic acids, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, pigments, waxes, pollen grains, various enzymes, and other phytochemicals. The first method for identifying the botanical source of bee honey is pollen analysis. With this information, one may identify pollen grains and use them to describe the honey-producing region [5]. According to the pollen analysis, honeys can be classified as (a) monofloral/unifloral if honeys contain predominantly pollen grains from an unique plant species (≥45% of all nectariferous pollen grains counted); (b) bifloral honeys contain pollen grains from two plant species with a frequency of 15–45% per nectariferous species; (c) plurifloral/multifloral honeys contain pollen grains from three or more nectariferous plant species with frequencies in the 3–15% (important minor pollen types,) or <3% (minor pollen types) [5]. Moreover, at the moment, ISO/TC 34/SC 19—Bee Products is working on developing an ISO standard for this purpose.
- Editorial: advancing cancer therapy: innovative strategies targeting immune evasion and metabolic modulationPublication . Teotónio Fernandes, Mónica Alexandra; De Sousa-Coelho, Ana Luísa; Méndez-Lucas, AndrésCancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with both incidence and mortality continuing to rise despite advances in diagnosis and treatment (1). While early-stage cancers often respond to conventional therapies, advanced and recurrent tumors frequently develop resistance, limiting long-term therapeutic efficacy (2).Two fundamental hallmarks of cancer, immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming, enable tumors to thrive in hostile microenvironments (3, 4). Although immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer care, a significant proportion of patients either fail to respond or acquire resistance over time (5). In parallel, altered tumor metabolism is increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic target, particularly for enhancing responses to immunotherapy (7).This Research Topic highlights recent advances that move beyond traditional treatment. Collectively, the nine featured articles provide valuable insights into the interplay between immunity and metabolism in cancer, exploring strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance and improve clinical outcomes across diverse cancer types.