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- Optimised management of a renewable energy community in the culatra island in the context of high penetration of renewable energy sourcesPublication . Santos, Joni; Monteiro, Jânio Miguel E. Ferreira; Pacheco, André Miguel DuarteThis thesis addresses the optimised management of a Renewable Energy Community (REC) on Culatra Island, Portugal, developed within the Culatra2030 initiative in the context of high renewable energy penetration. The research investigates technical and regulatory pathways to achieve local energy self-sufficiency by 2030, positioning Culatra as a living laboratory where innovative energy-sharing models, advanced monitoring systems, and cooperative governance structures are designed and validated under real operating conditions. The study begins by assessing Portugal’s legislative framework for energy communities, examining its alignment with European Union directives and its capacity to foster citizen participation, energy justice, and economic viability. Different energy-sharing mechanisms are compared, highlighting trade-offs between efficiency and distributive fairness. The study then describes the pathway to establish a REC in Culatra, harnessing the island’s natural resources with early community involvement through participatory diagnosis and a participatory economic model to ensure inclusion and fair benefit distribution. This effort culminated the recognition of the Culatra REC by the Portuguese energy regulator as a national pilot project. Building on this foundation, the thesis develops an optimisation model that integrates a dynamic energy-sharing algorithm, a photovoltaic sizing methodology, and a smart monitoring and control platform with energy management systems and a web application. Results demonstrate that the Culatra REC increases renewable penetration, reduces dependence on energy imports, enhances self-sufficiency without storage, and enables the feasibility of smart charging for local mobility. Beyond the technical dimension, the initiative reinforced social cohesion, preserved cultural identity, and embedded energy justice in practice. These achievements validate the REC model as technically viable and socially transformative, while exposing regulatory barriers to broader replication. The research opens pathways for further development, particularly the creation of a digital twin of Culatra’s smart grid, pointing toward the long-term vision of a digitalised, resilient, fully renewable, and community-led energy system.