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- Marine protected areas and maritime spatial planning integration dynamics across EuropePublication . Calado, Helena; Dias Gois Rodrigues de Queiroz, Joyce; Gutierrez, Débora; Oliveira, Anna Larissa; Pegorelli, Camila; Raedemaecker, Fien De; Barboza, Francisco Rafael; Withouck, Inne; García-Sanabria, Javier; Zaucha, Jacek; Stancheva, Margarita; Markovic, Marina; Bocci, Martina; Haapasaari, Päivi; Varjopuro, Riku; Spinu, Alina Daiana; Stojanovic, Ivana; Quintela, AdrianoMaritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has emerged as a central governance tool to balance ecological, social, and economic uses of marine space, while Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) remain essential for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience. Effective integration of MPAs into MSP can enhance conservation outcomes and reduce conflicts with human activities, yet the degree of integration across the European Union (EU) remains highly uneven. This study examines how MPAs are embedded within national MSP frameworks in 20 EU Member States, aiming to classify, compare, and explain differences in integration levels. A typology of four integration levels is introduced, ranging from MPAs as primary drivers of MSP to their treatment as passive spatial layers. The methodology combines the development and application of a set of questions directed at MSP experts with the use of a decision tree and allocation criteria designed to assess responses and classify countries according to their level of MPA–MSP integration. Results reveal substantial disparities across EU Member States. Belgium, Germany, Latvia, Slovenia, Sweden and the Netherlands showed the strongest degree of integration, with conservation objectives embedded in MSP provisions and influencing cross-sectoral planning decisions. In contrast, most countries incorporated MPAs mainly through environmental assessment instruments or treated them as existing spatial layers, environmental constraints, or separate legal instruments. Key barriers include fragmented governance structures, limited translation of environmental assessments into binding spatial decisions, weak links between MSP and MPAs management, uneven monitoring and enforcement capacity, and limited mechanisms for stakeholder coordination. Advancing MPA–MSP integration requires stronger legal frameworks, adaptive management strategies, ecological connectivity, and inclusive governance processes. By providing a systematic comparison and highlighting best practices, this study provides recommendations to foster more cohesive, resilient, and biodiversity-informed marine governance.
- Small vertebrate consumption by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): insights into the human predatory patternPublication . Carvalho, Susana; Spagnoletti, Noemi; d´Oliveira Coelho, João; Beardmore-Herd, Megan; Mendonça-Furtado, Olívia; Verderane, Michele; Prieto, Joana; Cavallaro, Dominique I.; Izar, Patrícia; Visalberghi, ElisabettaThe consumption of small vertebrates occurs to varying degrees among many non-human primates. This dietary element may have constituted an important source of nutrition for early hominins, particularly during periods of food scarcity, providing a stepping stone to the exploitation of larger animals. Capuchin monkeys regularly consume small vertebrates across their range. Expanding our knowledge of the contribution of animal matter to these primates’ diets can shed light on the proximate and ultimate drivers of small vertebrate consumption across primate taxa, including humans. We report on the most extensive record of bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus) vertebrate predation so far available: 45 months of observations of vertebrate predation in two sympatric groups in Fazenda Boa Vista, in northeastern Brazil. We estimated the effect of provisioning, sex, age class, fruit and insect availability, rainfall, humidity, and temperature on predation rates using a zero-inflated negative binomial algorithm with random effects. We found mammal and saurian consumption is habitual in this population of S. libidinosus. Prey brains and viscera tend to be accessed before the rest of the body. Predation rates were higher in males compared to females and in adults compared to infants across groups. Our results also identified small vertebrates as key energy sources for bearded capuchins under decreased fruit availability and show that provisioning reduces predation rates. Future work should assess small vertebrate predation as a possible stepping stone in the emergence of human exploitation of large animals by re-analyzing fossil faunal assemblages for evidence of small vertebrate predation.