ICArEHB
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Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour
Centro de investigação interdisciplinar em Arqueologia e evolução do comportamento humano
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Browsing ICArEHB by Field of Science and Technology (FOS) "Humanidades::História e Arqueologia"
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- 40,000 years later: what we know about the presence of Neanderthals in Portuguese territory and their extinctionPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Cascalheira, JoãoBrief presentation of the theme addressing the history of investigations carried out in Portugal about the presence of Neanderthals, the sites with anhtropological and archaeological record and their antiquity. Considering their close resemblance with our own species and long‑term success across Eurasia, Neanderthals ought to have had all it takes to persist. However, sometime between c. 45,000 and 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals ultimately disappear from the archaeological record, being replaced by modern humans. This cultural and biological replacement process is considered one of the most significant turning points in human evolutionary history. In recent years, knowledge of the processes involved in the disappearance of the Neanderthals and the successful expansion of our species across Eurasia has substantially increased. Still, the spatiotemporal variability of the presumed mechanisms behind Neanderthals’ demise – climate change, fragile demography, inter‑species competition – makes evaluating the replacement at a continental scale very challenging. The Iberian Peninsula, due to its cul‑de‑sac position and the role of its southern regions as one of the last refugia for the Neanderthals, represents an ideal natural setting for testing models of cultural and demographic trajectories leading to the final disappearance of those populations. Focusing on the Iberian archaeological record, in this paper we address the current state of the art and future directions regarding the study of the latest Neanderthals on earth.
- As antas, marcadores simbólicos das paisagens e dos territórios medievaisPublication . Mataloto, Rui; Cardoso, João LuisOs monumentos megalíticos marcaram de forma indelével a paisagem do território actualmente português, constituindo um sinal de perenidade através dos tempos. Este sentido de permanência conduziu à sua utilização como marcos territoriais ao longo dos tempos, especialmente em épocas de verdadeira “refundação” da paisagem. Pretende-se aqui compilar diversos exemplos de época medieval do território alto-alentejano, onde, fosse na definição dos termos municipais ou na delimitação fundiária das grandes propriedades, foram tais monumentos assim utilizados, demonstrando o aproveitamento daquelas estruturas ancestrais para finalidades práticas, dada a sua visibilidade na paisagem e as particularidades que os individualizavam. No final, aborda-se um “caso de estudo” com base em observações mais recentes, de natureza religiosa que abrirá o caminho para a futura “Arqueologia”.
- Antes da Arqueologia. As antas no imaginário popular e erudito do povo portuguêsPublication . Cardoso, João Luís; Mataloto, Rui;Os autores abordam a importância das antas no imaginário popular e erudito das comunidades portuguesas, muito anterior ao reconhecimento da sua relevância científica e valor arqueológico. Essa importância é evidenciada na toponímia antiga, onde abundam termos derivados da estrutura dos monumentos megalíticos ou dos montículos que, por vezes, ainda os cobriam. São sublinhadas as primeiras publicações científicas dedicadas ao tema, onde se destaca o pioneirismo de Francisco Pereira da Costa, que em 1868 descreve os resultados de escavações realizadas em antas na região de Castelo de Vide.
- A arqueologia no Museu Geológico do LNEG – LisboaPublication . Cardoso, João LuisThe archaeological activity of the current National Energy and Geology Laboratory (LNEG), the legitimate heir to a long and prestigious scientific tradition, dates back to 1857, the year in which the 2nd Geological Commission of Portugal was founded. From the very beginning, it took on the research of one of the most controversial issues that filled the debates of scientific societies throughout the second half of the 19th century: the demonstration of the antiquity of the human species, which was then one of the main concerns of Western science. Today, in addition to the explanatory news of the Geological Map of Portugal at a scale of 1/50,000, where archaeology continues to be represented, the Institution's activity in the field of Archaeology continues to be relevant, supporting the research work carried out at the Museum, which continues to be highly sought after by national and foreign specialists, as well as by students at various levels of education and the general public.
- Bell beaker footed bowls in the Iberian Peninsula: A trial inventory apropos a find from the Lapa do Fumo Cave (Sesimbra, Portugal)Publication . Cardoso, João Luis; Andrade, Marco António; Gil, RuiThe Lapa do Fumo cave (Sesimbra, Estremadura, Portugal) features a funerary context that has been extensively used since the Early Neolithic. A recent review of the votive assemblages revealed the presence of a vessel sherd belonging to a Bell Beaker footed bowl, featuring part of the base and the start of the foot, with incised decoration on the outer surface. This type of vessel, although quite rare, is known from various Bell Beaker complexes of the Iberian Peninsula throughout the entire time span of the Beaker phenomenon, mostly corresponding to the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Its geographical distribution in Iberia is equally widespread, occurring both in funerary and residential contexts. Starting from the Lapa do Fumo sherd presented herein, the authors will present an inventory of all known examples, integrating them into their respective chronological and cultural contexts. A technical and functional discussion is also included, based on an estimate of these items’ capacities.
- Carlos Ribeiro (1813–1882) e os reconhecimentos geológicos e hidrogeológicos realizados no âmbito do abastecimento de água a Lisboa, a propósito de um documento inéditoPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Ribeiro, Maria Manuela SimõesApresentam-se novos elementos sobre as investigações de Carlos Ribeiro (1813–1882), enquanto geólogo do recém-criado Ministério das Obras Públicas, relativas à avaliação dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos destinados ao reforço do abastecimento de água a Lisboa, cuja escassez, em meados do século XIX, exigia novas captações. Destacam-se as observações geológicas realizadas em 1856 nas imediações da cidade, registadas em três cadernos com notas, desenhos e observações geológicas e hidrogeológicas inéditas, que serviram de base à monografia publicada pela Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa em 1857, ano da criação da Segunda Comissão Geológica de Portugal, da qual Ribeiro foi codiretor com Francisco Pereira da Costa. Pioneiro na aplicação da ciência à resolução de problemas públicos, Carlos Ribeiro é considerado o fundador da Hidrogeologia portuguesa, comparável aos melhores da sua época. O trabalho de campo de 1856 permitiu inventariar poços e nascentes, medir caudais, propor obras hidráulicas para reforço do Aqueduto das Águas Livres e cartografar formações geológicas relevantes para a identificação e aproveitamento das camadas aquíferas. Este estudo constitui um notável exemplo da utilização do conhecimento científico em prol do bem comum, antecipando princípios fundamentais da gestão sustentável da água.
- Um caso de estudo na pré-história da cidade de Lisboa: o celeiro da Travessa das Dores e os campos de cultivo do Rio SecoPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Neto, Nuno; Rebelo, PauloThe Neo-Chalcolithic site of Travessa das Dores is the first to be recognised in the urban area of Lisbon with prehistoric storage and defence structures, closely interconnected, constituting without doubt the most important vestige of the settlement of that period studied to date. To increase the scientific importance of this site, a large adjacent area, called Rio Seco, was identified and excavated a few years later, in which, among others, several large dry stone walls were identified, some rectilinear, others arched, indicating the existence of boundary walls or supporting walls for agricultural plots, whose presence is justified by the basaltic soils present locally, of high agricultural suitability. Therefore, while Travessa das Dores was the storage site, Rio Seco was the site of the respective agricultural productions, thus constituting evidence, until now unknown in portuguese and even international archaeology, of the direct relationship between these two realities, relating to a single prehistoric community, based there in the transition from the fourth to the third millennium BC.
- Castelos pré-históricos no Baixo Tejo e no Litoral Atlântico: consequências da intensificação económica e da competição social do 3.º milénio a.C.Publication . Cardoso, João LuisIn Estremadura, there are three major Chalcolithic fortified settlements, which are also those that have been studied for the longest time. Although they adopted common architectural solutions, they evolved independently, starting with the need to adapt to the natural geomorphological conditions prevailing in each case. Leceia, Zambujal and Vila Nova de São Pedro are clear examples of how, in Lower Estremadura, during the Chalcolithic, the traditional concepts of “fortification”, “interaction” and “economic intensification” were strongly interdependent: although there could be interaction and economic intensification without fortification, the reverse does not seem possible for the period and region in question, as clearly is provd by the archaeological evidence.
- As comunidades do pós-glaciário do vale do Tejo: um exemplo de adaptação de sucesso às alterações climáticasPublication . Gonçalves, Célia; Cardoso, João LuisThe Muge shell middens, located approximately 60 kilometers upstream from the current Tagus estuary, are an important testament to the adaptive capacity of human communities to the climate changes that occurred at the beginning of the Holocene, about 11,700 years ago, a period that marked the end of the last great glaciation. Recent studies indicate that, about 8,000 years ago, these estuarine areas were already partially flooded by the sea, like the Tagus estuary, creating humid environments rich in natural resources, including fish, molluscs and a great diversity of terrestrial fauna. These conditions attracted groups of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, who began to intensively exploit these resources.
- Contributo para o corpus artefactual metálico do Bronze Final em território português: a pregariaPublication . Melo, Ana Ávila; Cardoso, João LuisIn this article the authors present for the first time two types of nails with long stems from two Late Bronze Age sites in Estremadura, western Portugal. More recently another nail with long stem and a gold conic head was found in a site in southern Portugal of the same age. The rarity of this type of artifacts justified its characterization, which has now been realized.