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- Early career ocean professionals' declaration on ocean negative carbon emissions for our ocean and future.Publication . Li, Shenghui; Addey, Charles I.; Roman, Raphaël; Hayashida, Hakase; Jiang, Chunhua; Hu, Chen; Coronado-Álvarez, Luz de Lourdes Aurora; Lim, Hyung-Gyu; Akmal, Surya Gentha; Orji, Chukwuka Moses; Arora, Parth; Li, Ruiqi; Pm, Sohan; Adesina, Rasheed B.; Lindemann, Christian; Ma, Deqiang; Sarkar, Saydul; Mascioni, Martina; Monteiro, Thiago; Liu, Chao; Ojwala, Renis Auma; Tabilog, Matthew Vincent; Roeroe, Kakaskasen Andreas; Oladejo, Hafeez O.; Daramola, Samuel O.; Da Costa, Delio; Guo, Ting; Chicaiza-Ortiz, Cristhian; Adebiyi, Abiola A.; Ahmed, Md Rasel; Baloch, Aidah; Andueza, Santiago Thomé; Ansong, Joseph Kofi; Appalanaidu, Sura; Asif, Furqan; Awa, Andrew Taylor; Baguya, Elnalee; Batista, Matheus; Benedict, Okeke Ebuka; Bobby, Fulton; Busumprah, Peter Teye; Cardoso, Marta; de Oliveira Carvalho, Andréa da Consolação; Crea, Terrence Daniel; Channimol, Ky; Cheah, Wee; Chinwendu, Igbodiegwu Gloria; Dinoi, Alessia; Egbe, King-James I; Eshun, Joseph; Gaitan Espitia, Juan Diego; Essel, Dorcas Akua; Fox, Natalie; Fraser, Kate; Gaglioti, Martina; Gerbrand, Koren; Gusatu, Laura; Hernández Contreras, Diego Alexander; Iradukunda, Theddy-Michel; Khalfan, Zahor Mwalim; Khatib, Laura; Kim, Minkyoung; Koch, Marta; Liu, Jihua; Mandal, Shailendra K; Manivong, Soukphansa; McAteer, Benedict; Mgbechidinma, Chiamaka Linda; Ngo, Thuy Hao; Nirmale, Manasi Suhas; Noonan Birch, Ronnie; Oginni, Tolulope E; Olalekan, Isa Elegbede; Offei-Darko, Lord; Puigcorbé, Viena; Gandhi, Rishi Rajendra; Rozaimi, Mohammad; Sanganyado, Edmond; Sengupta, Debarati; Singh, Priyatma; Sridhar, Dumpala; Sunanda, N.; Tailor, Falguni; Tintoré, Beatriz; Ugochukwu, Okoli Moses; Uthaipan, Khanittha; Vargas-Fonseca, O Alejandra; Verma, Anmol; Vives, Clara R.; Wallschuss, Sina; Wang, Lin; Wang, Yuhao; Wang, Yuntao; Meng, Yabing; Schoenbeck, María; Yan, Wei; Yen, Hanna; Luo, TingweiThis paper highlights the urgent need to accelerate research and action on ocean carbon sinks through human intervention, known as the Global Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions (Global-ONCE) Programme, as a vital strategy in global efforts to mitigate climate change. Achieving "net zero" by 2050 cannot rely on emission reductions alone, emphasizing the necessity of complementary approaches. Global-ONCE's mission extends beyond scientific exploration. It embodies a profound commitment to protecting and restoring blue carbon ecosystems, as well as implementing ocean-based solutions that are sustainable, equitable, and inclusive. Early career ocean professionals (ECOPs) are at the heart of these efforts, and their innovative approaches, technical expertise, and passion make them indispensable leaders in advancing ONCE initiatives. ECOPs bridge the gap between science and society, playing a relevant role in integrating cutting-edge research, technological advancements, and community-driven action to address climate threats. By bringing together diverse perspectives and leveraging their interdisciplinary expertise, ECOPs ensure that ONCE strategies are grounded in scientific rigor and practical feasibility. Through advocacy, education, and collaboration, ECOPs not only spearhead research and innovation but also inspire collective action to safeguard our oceans. This paper amplifies the critical role of ECOPs as agents of change and calls for a unified global commitment to harness the ocean's potential for a climate-resilient future.
- Editors' Corner: Blubber thickness in cetaceansPublication . Canario, AdelinoWang Y, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Zhang H, Liu X, Yang G. Cetacean-specific GPR12 mutation is functionally associated with blubber thickening. Gene, volume 968, 10 October 2025, 149734. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.gene.2025.149734. The blubber, a thick layer of fatty tissue, is a key adaptation in aquatic mammals, providing energy storage and facilitating buoyancy and locomotion (Berta, 2023). Blubber thickening has evolved independently in cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), raising questions about the genetic basis of this adaptation. Wang et al. (2025) reasoned that G protein-coupled receptor genes associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism could be involved, and homed in on GPR12, whose deficiency in mice leads to obesity and dyslipidemia (Bjursell et al., 2006)
- Effect of warming on European green crab (Carcinus maenas) populations from larvae to sexual maturityPublication . Monteiro, João Nuno; Ovelheiro, Andreia; SORDO, LAURA; Palma, Jorge; Pinto, Miguel; Teodosio, Maria; Leitão, FranciscoUnderstanding the effects of climate change on the physiology of marine species, particularly during their early life stages (larvae and juveniles), is essential for predicting population dynamics. Carcinus maenas is a widely distributed species of significant ecological and economic importance. This experimental study investigates the effects of warming on the early life stages of the European green crab, C. maenas, through two complementary experiments: (1) larval development and survival were assessed under three temperature regimes-approximately 18.5 degrees C (representing the annual average Portuguese seawater temperature between 1980 and 2020, used as the control), and two projected climate change scenarios: RCP 4.5 (+1.5 degrees C) and RCP 8.5 (+3.5 degrees C), and (2) juvenile survival and growth were monitored in mesocosms from early settlement to sexual maturity. Results indicated that larval mortality exceeded 90 % across all treatments, with 75 % occurring within the first 8 days (95 % CI: 7-8), and that warming enhanced larval survival, with the RCP 4.5 scenario yielding the highest survival rates compared with the control. Additionally, warming also reduced the pelagic larval duration, which declined from 27 (+/- 2) days at 18.5 degrees C to 16 (+/- 1) days at 22 degrees C. Similarly, the duration of the megalopa (settlement) stage decreased from 10 to 6 days. Therefore, despite high mortality, accelerated development under warming may enhance population resilience. Juvenile mortality was also high, with 50 % of settled individuals dying within the first 50 (95 % CI: 31-46) days, and differences in growth and survival between sexes were observed: females reached sexual maturity faster than males 83 +/- 12 and 109 +/- 20 days, respectively. Moreover, only 24 % (95 % CI: 16-34) of the settled females reached sexual maturity, compared to just 9 % of males (95 % CI: 5-18). These results indicate that C. maenas reach reproductive maturity within six months. The biological data reveal a fast growth increment, high larval and juvenile mortality, and suggest that projected climate change scenarios through the end of the century will have a limited impact on the species' population dynamics and recruitment.
- Environmental changes at the seafloor of the Faro drift (Gulf of Cadiz) during the transition from the early to the middle pleistocenePublication . Silveira Molina, Giulia; Schmiedl, Gerhard; Jiménez-Espejo, Francisco; Kuhnert, Henning; Anica Claro Rodrigues, Teresa Isabel; Voelker, AntjeThis study explores the ecology of the benthic foraminifera fauna and reconstructs bottom water oxygenation, organic matter fluxes, and Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) dynamics in the Gulf of Cadiz during the Early to Middle Pleistocene Transition (EMPT) interval of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 28 to MIS 19 (1014–761 ka) using high-resolution multiproxy data from IODP Site U1387. Along with benthic foraminifera assemblages, we integrate stable isotopes (δ 18O and δ 13C), organic carbon, alkenone concentrations, and geochemical and sedimentological proxies (Zr/Al ratio, grain size) to identify environmental drivers across glacial– interglacial cycles and millennial-scale events. Furthermore, the absolute abundance of Planulina ariminensis is applied as a proxy for bottom current strength. Principal component analysis confirms assemblage responses to variations in organic matter quality and oxygenation. Periods of intensified MOW during stadial climate stages correspond to enhanced bottom water ventilation, reflected in higher abundances of epifaunal and porcelaneous taxa, higher diversity, and increased dissolved oxygen, with the exception of the late MIS 22. Intervals of reduced ventilation (e.g. interglacial MIS 27, MIS 25e, MIS 21g, MIS 19c) coincide with higher total alkenone concentrations, potentially contributing to low oxygen conditions and increased proportions of infaunal taxa. Our results reveal that bottom water dynamics at Site U1387 were controlled by local oceanographic processes (e.g. coastal upwelling, river discharge, water column stratification) rather than by global ice volume changes only. These findings highlight the importance of understanding regional oceanographic variations during the EMPT and emphasize the value of combining food supply, oxygenation, and bottom current proxies to interpret benthic foraminifera ecological changes.
- Environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics and phenanthrene show limited effects on the behaviour and physiology of green crab lineagesPublication . Cozzolino, Lorenzo; Nicastro, Katy R.; McQuaid, Christopher D.; Halldórsson, Halldór P.; Lima, Fernando P.; Zardi, Gerardo I.Plastic pollution is a growing environmental concern, with microplastics (MPs) and associated contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) jeopardising the resilience and long-term survival of marine species. While species-specific effects have been well-documented, the role of intraspecific diversity in modulating species’ responses to these contaminants remains largely neglected. This study investigates whether genetically distinct lineages of the green crab (Carcinus maenas) differ in their behavioural and physiological responses to environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics (PE) and PE contaminated with phenanthrene (PE+PHE). Juvenile crabs from the Southwest European (SWE) and Icelandic (ICE) populations were exposed to control seawater, PE, or PE+PHE for 72 h, and their behavioural (i.e., food contest) and physiological performances (i.e., heart rate) were assessed. Overall, there were no significant effects of PE or PE+PHE on key behavioural traits related to food competition (e.g., latency to initiate movement, interbout intervals, contest outcome) or on physiological parameters such as heart rate. However, resource possession was significantly reduced in ICE crabs exposed to PE. Our findings suggest that C. maenas exhibits short-term resilience to MPs and PAHs, with similar behavioural responses across distinct genotypic lineages (SWE = ICE). However, differences in heart rates between genetically distinct populations, even in control conditions, highlight the potential effect of lineage-specific physiological plasticity. In addition, high inter-individual variability in behavioural responses suggests susceptibility to MPs and PAHs may not be uniform within populations. Long-term assessments incorporating individual-based analyses are needed to fully understand the complex interplay between plastic pollution, genetic diversity, and behavioural plasticity in this marine species.
- First assessment of blue carbon stocks, sequestration rates and potential sources since 1900 at Arguin Island (Mauritania)Publication . Martins, Márcio; Abrantes, Fatima; Aires, Tania; Rautenbach, Sarah; Engelen, Aschwin; Encarnação, João Pedro da Silva; Abecasis, David; Gandega, Cheikhna; Magalhães, Vitor; Brahim, Khallahi; Ebaye, Sidina; Barusseau, Jean-Paul; Freiwald, André; Barrena de los Santos, Carmen; Serrao, Ester A.; Santos, RuiGlobal blue carbon assessments are hindered by a lack of data from understudied seagrass regions, such as those of Western Africa. This study reports the first in situ records of organic carbon (OC) stocks and burial rates for seagrass beds at Arguin Island, Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania), Western Africa, measured in intertidal Zostera noltei and subtidal Cymodocea nodosa meadows. The major blue carbon sources in seagrass meadows since 1900 were assessed using sedimentary environmental DNA (eDNA) and chronostratigraphy. The OC stocks in the top 50 cm of the sediment cores were not significantly different between the beds of the two seagrass species and averaged 27.8±7.14 Mg C ha−1, which is 5 times higher than that in adjacent unvegetated sediments. The OC sequestration rate for the past 100 years was 10.3±1.4 g C m−2 year−1 in C. nodosa sediments and 12.3±5.9 g C m−2 year−1 in Z. noltei sediments. Sedimentary eDNA analysis revealed that the major OC source within the C. nodosa and Z. noltei sediments has been the seagrass species itself, with low contributions from allochthonous eDNA reads. Carbon sources in Z. noltei meadows were more diverse than those in C. nodosa meadows. In bare sediment, diatoms were the major carbon source. The present study demonstrates the potential of sedimentary eDNA to reveal the major sources of organic matter in blue carbon ecosystems, improving our understanding of the provenance of sedimentary OC and thus carbon cycling processes. Additionally, it provides new OC stock and sequestration rate measurements from a region of the world that remains underrepresented in global blue carbon assessments.
- First insights on chemical nature and bioactivity of surface mucus from the Antarctic sponges Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata and Dendrilla antarcticaPublication . Rizzo, Carmen; Silva, José Paulo da; Lauritano, Chiara; Montuori, Eleonora; Papale, Maria; Giudice, Angelina LoThe mucus produced by the Antarctic sponge species Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata and Dendrilla antarctica was ana¬lyzed to investigate its chemical composition and assess potential cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines. The mucus samples exhibited a high-water content (98–99%), while inorganic salts represented most of the total dry weight (67.1 ± 2.3%). Sodium was the most abundant element, accounting for 75% in D. antarctica and up to 82% in M. acerata. Other major elements—including magnesium, potassium, and calcium—comprised 3–10% of the inorganic fraction. Pro¬tein content was estimated at 0.44% for M. acerata and 5.63% for D. antarctica, with a carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio between 3 and 5. Elemental analysis was supported by μFT-IR spectroscopy, which confirmed the presence of inorganic salts, water, and proteinaceous materials. Further characterization by 1H NMR spectroscopy and LC–MS revealed the pres¬ence of amino acids, peptides, sugars, carboxylic acids, nitrogenous bases, and their derivatives. Notably, oxylipin concen¬trations ranged between 1 and 3 ng/L. In addition, M. acerata mucus demonstrated antiproliferative activity, selectively inhibiting the growth of Malme-3 M melanoma cell lines, thus suggesting a potential for cytotoxic effects. Overall, these findings provide the first chemical characterization of Antarctic sponge mucus, providing first insights for its potential exploitation as a novel source of bioactive compounds.
- First record of the diatom pathogen Diatomophthora perforans cf. subsp. 2 pleurosigmae (Oomycota) from the Mediterranean microphytobenthosPublication . Scholz, Bettina; Grammatiki, Kleopatra; Avramidi, Eleni; Lymperaki, Myrsini; Resaikos, Vasilis; Papatheodoulou, Magdalene; Küpper, Frithjof C.Knowledge about pathogens of diatoms and macroalgae in the Mediterranean is scarce. This paper reports the first record of the oomycete Diatomophthora perforans subsp. pleurosigmae infecting the Mediterranean microphytobenthic diatom Pleurosigma cf. intermedium, which was detected in the context of marine environmental surveys of the brine outfalls of two seawater desalination plants.
- Five key opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of area-based marine conservationPublication . Stanley, R. R. E.; Abad-Uribarren, A.; Belackova, Adela; Belgrano, A.; Bergström, U.; Boerder, K.; Blenckner, T.; Colaço, A.; Himes-Cornell, A.; Horta e Costa, Barbara; Jacquemont, J.; Jurrius, L. H.; Langton, R.; Noble-James, T.; Ohanna, M.; Olsen, E. M.; Rubidge, E. M.; Sacre, E. C. E.; Sheehan, E. V.; Sköld, M.; Stelzenmüller, V.; Tittensor, D. P.; Vallina, T. C.; Villasante, S.; Claudet, J.Effective area-based conservation is central in global efforts to reverse marine biodiversity loss and safeguard ecosystem functioning. Here, we identify five key opportunities to maximize conservation potential as nations progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2030 area-based management targets. These include enhancing accountability, elevating conservation in spatial planning, implementing adaptive management, coordinating conservation efforts across scales, and reconciling design with expected outcomes. Addressing these collectively will advance global marine conservation and maximize its contributions to biodiversity protection and human society.
- Formulation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/caffeic acid composites for vegetable packaging applicationsPublication . Sana, Siva Sankar; Riahi, Zohreh; Mishra, Vijayalaxmi; Kim, Jun Tae; Vadde, Ramakrishna; Brandão, Pedro; Kim, Seong-Cheol; Fonte, PedroPoly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is widely used as a bioplastic owing to its commendable waterbarrier properties. In this work, PBAT was blended with caffeic acid (CA) (1–3 wt%) by solution mixing using chloroform as a solvent through solvent casting method. UV–Visible spectroscopy results show a decrease in transmittance from 100 % in PBAT to 6 % PBAT/3CA. The film’s elongation was notably improved with an increase in the CA ratio, reaching up to 1055.4 %. Moreover, the tensile strength experienced a significant enhancement upon the inclusion of CA (3 wt%) up to 25.5 MPa. The decrease in water vapor permeability (WVP) (3.05 ± 0.1 × 10− 11 g.m/m2 .Pa.s) and water contact angle (WCA) (60.5◦ ± 1.34◦) was observed in PBAT/3CA. PBAT film containing 3 wt% CA exhibited remarkable scavenging action against ABTS•+ and DPPH• , recording values of 100 % and 98.5 %, respectively. When subjected to testing against foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), the fabricated films displayed excellent antibacterial activity. The active films comprising PBAT/CA possess the potential to serve as a synergistic solution for food packaging, combining the UV barrier property, mechanical properties, flexibility, peeling resistance, and renowned biodegradability of PBAT with the ability to repurpose industrial waste.