ICArEHB
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Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour
Centro de investigação interdisciplinar em Arqueologia e evolução do comportamento humano
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- Distinguishing between sheep and goat in archaeological fumiers through faecal lipid biomarkers: The case of Belmaco Cave (Canary Islands, Spain)Publication . Fernández-Palacios, Enrique; Herrera-Herrera, Antonio V.; Gilson, Simon-Pierre; Égüez, Natalia; Jambrina-Enríquez, Margarita; Santana, Jonathan; Mallol, CarolinaLipid biomarker analysis focused on steroids has shown to have great potential for discriminating between animal faecal inputs in archaeology. This is particularly interesting when applied to stabling deposits to assess herding strategies and livestock composition. Here we present the results of a sedimentary faecal biomarker study conducted at Belmaco Cave, a pre-European archaeological site in La Palma (Canary Islands). The site was occupied by indigenous pastoralist groups over the course of five centuries prior to the first arrival of the Europeans in the 15th century. Previous soil micromorphological data indicates recurrent sheep and/or goat penning and periodic burning of the pen in the central area of the cave. We selected bulk sediment samples from unburned, charred and ashed dung layers and carried out sterol, stanol and bile acid analysis. Our results suggest that the main source of faecal matter is sheep. We also found that even though charred and dung ash layers contained lower concentrations of the biomarker compounds, these were still sufficient to provide information on the origin of the faecal remains. These data add to our current knowledge of the aboriginal Canary Island pastoralist economy.
- Experimental protocol for cooking rabbits and its archaeological implicationsPublication . Real, Cristina; Rufà, Anna; Carvalho, Milena; Pérez, Leopoldo; Haws, Jonathan; Sanchis, AlfredSmall prey such as rabbits are present in Middle Paleolithic and are abundant in the diet of Upper Paleolithic human groups in southwestern Europe, especially in the Iberian Peninsula. Several archaeological and experimental studies have attempted to relate anthropogenic modifications, in this case cut marks, to different processing and consumption activities. However, the data do not always give similar results, as the presence and quantity of cut marks is variable across time, geography, and anatomical elements. Therefore, the lack of clear answers forces us to hypothesize if these variations could be indicative of the choice of particular cooking, processing, and consumption patterns, including the aim of preserving the meat by drying or smoking. The first objective is to present an empirical methodology to resolve uncertainties about the processing and consumption patterns adopted by human groups in different temporal and geographical contexts. The second objective is to characterize the cut marks found on the bones and relate them to a cooking method. To achieve these objectives, the paper presents a complete experimental protocol. This protocol included three cooking methods (drying, smoking, roasting) that could have been used by Paleolithic human groups when processing rabbits. The results of these experiments are then analyzed in terms of time, weight loss, and the condition of the meat and marrow. Following this, the first results of the taphonomic study focusing on the cut marks identified on the experimental bones are reported. In addition, we critically review other experimental studies focusing on rabbits and compare their results with our own in order to present a comprehensive framework and discuss their archaeological implications.
- Faunal remains from torre velha 12 (Serpa, Beja, Southwest of Portugal): relationship between animals and bronze age communitiesPublication . Senra, Marta; Costa, Cláudia; Bettencourt, Ana M. S.; Baptista, Lídia; Gomes, SérgioTorre Velha 12 is located in Serpa (Beja) and was excavated and directed by two of the authors (LB and SG), during an emergency intervention within the Alqueva Project. This site is characterized by negative structures filled with pottery sherds and other materials dating to the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. The aim of this paper is to publish the study of the faunal remains dated from Bronze Age (2nd millennium BCE). The faunal assemblage is small and comes from non-funerary pits and from funerary hypogea. Other than a bone artefact and an undetermined shell fragment, all of the remains integrated in the pits were classified as mammals. Sheep/goat is was frequently found while other species such as cattle and swines had lower frequencies. Fragments of cattle limbs are the only faunal remains associated with human burials and reveal a clear taxonomical and anatomical pattern that may be an indicator of a careful and structured anthropogenic behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the social relationship between animals and the Bronze Age communities.
- Living on the shores of the Alboran sea. The neolithic on the coast of Málaga (Spain) a multiproxy approachPublication . Simón-Vallejo, María D.; Lozano-Francisco, M. Carmen; Riquelme-Cantal, José A.; Macías-Tejada, Sara; Camuera, Jon; Uzquiano Ollero, Paloma; Sánchez Marco, Antonio; Garrido-Anguita, Juan M.; Jiménez-Espejo, Francisco; Parrilla-Giráldez, Rubén; Vera-Lozano, José A.; Vera-Peláez, José L.; Cortés-Sánchez, MiguelContext: The coast of Málaga is one of the core areas for the Neolithic in southern Iberia with the earliest occupations dating to the middle of the 8th millennium cal BP. From the outset, evidence shows a fully developed and highly diversified system of agriculture and animal husbandry. The palaeoenvironmental conditions during this period in the southern Iberian Peninsula reveal phases of aridity. Objectives: This study aims to understand how Neolithic communities adapted to these adverse environmental conditions. It also explores the role of wild resources and seasonal patterns in subsistence strategies. Methods: A multiproxy approach was applied, combining regional palaeoenvironmental data with archaeological, archaeofaunal, archaeobotanical and anthropological evidence. The analysis focuses on sites located near aquifer discharges. Results: Fully developed and highly diversified agriculture and herding practices are documented from the earliest Neolithic phases. The challenges posed by arid conditions appear to have been mitigated by settlement in areas linked to major aquifer outlets and by the cultivation of drought-resistant cereals. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a seasonal pattern of occupation, primarily from late autumn to early summer, when marine resources were likely exploited. Neolithic groups may have engaged in regular hunting and gathering activities or maintained interactions with local Epipalaeolithic–Mesolithic populations. Agricultural and pastoral management emerge as key factors for evaluating the contribution of wild resources to their subsistence. Conclusions: The integration of environmental, archaeological and biological records provides a more holistic perspective and better understanding of Neolithic economy and society along the Málaga coast between c. 7.6th—5th millennium cal BP, offering insights into subsistence strategies under arid conditions in a coastal setting.
- Origins of raw milk consumption in the Iberian Peninsula and Portuguese territory: archaeogenetics and zooarchaeologyPublication . Garcez Fernandes, Gonçalo; Valente, Maria João; Oliveira, Hugo; Fernandes Martins, Maria JoãoIn Europe, lactose tolerance after weaning (lactase persistence – LP) is determined by a single mutation in the MCM6 gene. The timing and mode of the emergence of raw milk consumption in Portuguese territory have not been addressed, despite its significance in Portuguese subsistence and culinary tradition. To identify the earliest instance of the LP mutation, we examined this locus in ancient DNA (aDNA) data from Iberian individuals spanning from the Palaeolithic to the Modern Age, available in the Allen Ancient DNA Resource database. Additionally, we reviewed zooarchaeological data on domesticated milk-producing species from bibliographic sources. In Iberia, the earliest occurrence of the LP mutation dates to the Early Bronze Age. The individual also carried the Y-chromosome Haplogroup R1b, typically associated with the hypothesised Yamnaya movement during this period. In Portugal, the first individual with LP dates to the Roman Period. Zooarchaeological data suggest that milk was consumed in small quantities in Portugal until the Roman Period. Milk production increased more significantly during the Middle Ages, but its impact on LP remains to be determined.