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- Diagnosis of residual flow drivers in estuaries with the densimetric tidal Froude numberPublication . Khosravi, Maziar; Fortunato, A. B.; Lopez-Ruiz, A.; Valle-Levinson, A.; Garel, ErwanResidual circulation in estuaries drives salt intrusion, material transport, and ecosystem functioning. Yet the ability to diagnose its dominant forcing mechanism remains a challenge. While previous studies suggest that the densimetric tidal Froude number () may distinguish tidal from baroclinic forcing, its reliability across varying estuarine conditions and spatial scales requires systematic evaluation. This study carries out such evaluation with a suite of process-oriented numerical simulations in an idealized estuary–shelf system that features Gaussian cross-channel bathymetry. Here, is treated as a diagnostic indicator reflecting the dynamics established by either barotropic or baroclinic forcing. The model configuration spans a parameter space that includes variations in tidal amplitude, channel depth, lateral slope, and river discharge. Residual circulation regimes are diagnosed using the ratio between the barotropic and baroclinic terms of the tidally averaged, axial momentum equation obtained from model outputs. Diagnoses are made together with the transverse structure of residual flows, allowing direct comparison with predictions. This study demonstrates that can reliably diagnose the dominant driver of residual circulation when the density length scale is defined over the shortest feasible axial distances. Crucially, the results show that the skill of is highly sensitive to this spatial scale: its performance deteriorates when the density gradient is computed over lengths that extend into regions with heterogeneous forcing. Across all simulations, functions as a robust bulk indicator of tide-dominated, density-dominated, or regimes influenced by both forcings only when the density scale is restricted to zones where the axial density gradient is approximately constant. Such zones consistently occupy the seaward side of the peak salinity gradient. Within this region, emerges as a relevant diagnostic tool and offers process-oriented guidance for results that require identifying the prevailing residual-flow driver. The experiments suggest configuration-dependent ranges associated with regimes dominated by tides, density gradients, or both
- The ecosystem services of irrigated orchards: a reviewPublication . Matias, Pedro; Trindade, Ana Rita; Magalhães, Tomás Thormann Abranches de; Lisboa de Souza Junior, Silvio; Zarcos Duarte, Beatriz; Guerreiro David Coelho, Luísa Isabel; Freitas, Miguel João Pisoeiro de; Barrote, Isabel; Duarte, AmilcarIn the context of global population growth and intensifying climate change, ensuring food security remains a critical challenge. Orchards are more productive than arable crops, contributing significantly to the nutrition of a growing population. Ecologically, due to the absence of frequent soil tillage, orchards resemble natural forest ecosystems more closely than other agricultural systems. Irrigated orchards are particularly productive and enhance biodiversity in territories where water scarcity is the limiting factor for ecosystems. This review, the result of extensive reflection and a comprehensive analysis of the literature on orchard sustainability, synthesizes evidence on the diverse ecosystem services provided by these perennial systems. Due to their structural complexity, well-managed orchards contribute significantly to climate regulation through carbon sequestration, microclimate cooling, and soil erosion prevention. Furthermore, they support nutrient cycling and provide cultural value. This paper establishes an integrated scientific framework to inform evidence-based policies and reshape societal perceptions. It argues that recognizing orchards as multifunctional landscapes, rather than mere resource consumers, is critical for environmental resilience, supporting their fair valuation as essential components of a sustainable bioeconomy.
- The ecosystem services of irrigated orchards: a reviewPublication . Matias, Pedro; Trindade, Ana Rita; Magalhães, Tomás Thormann Abranches de; Lisboa de Souza Junior, Silvio; Zarcos Duarte, Beatriz; Guerreiro David Coelho, Luísa Isabel; Freitas, Miguel João Pisoeiro de; Barrote, Isabel; Duarte, AmilcarIn the context of global population growth and intensifying climate change, ensuring food security remains a critical challenge. Orchards are more productive than arable crops, contributing significantly to the nutrition of a growing population. Ecologically, due to the absence of frequent soil tillage, orchards resemble natural forest ecosystems more closely than other agricultural systems. Irrigated orchards are particularly productive and enhance biodiversity in territories where water scarcity is the limiting factor for ecosystems. This review, the result of extensive reflection and a comprehensive analysis of the literature on orchard sustainability, synthesizes evidence on the diverse ecosystem services provided by these perennial systems. Due to their structural complexity, well-managed orchards contribute significantly to climate regulation through carbon sequestration, microclimate cooling, and soil erosion prevention. Furthermore, they support nutrient cycling and provide cultural value. This paper establishes an integrated scientific framework to inform evidence-based policies and reshape societal perceptions. It argues that recognizing orchards as multifunctional landscapes, rather than mere resource consumers, is critical for environmental resilience, supporting their fair valuation as essential components of a sustainable bioeconomy.
- Efficacy of slow sand filtration enriched with trichoderma atroviride in the control of fusarium oxysporum in soilless cultivation systemsPublication . Matias, Pedro; Guerreiro David Coelho, Luísa Isabel; Reis, MárioOn a planet intending to move toward carbon neutrality while ensuring food security, maximizing water and nutrient use efficiency in agriculture is essential. Soilless cultivation offers a promising solution for food production, yet in substrate-based systems, excess nutrient solution (drainage) is often discarded to maintain phytosanitary safety, resulting in considerable water and nutrient waste. Reusing this drainage requires disinfection to eliminate pathogens. Among available methods, slow sand filtration (SSF) is ecological, economical, and simple, showing strong biological control potential, though not always fully effective against Fusarium oxysporum. Trichoderma atroviride, an antagonistic fungus, may enhance SSF performance. Its antagonistic capacity was evaluated in vitro via direct confrontation assays and in vivo using a closed-loop soilless cucumber cultivation system with eight treatment combinations of SSF, T. atroviride, and F. oxysporum. SSF reduced F. oxysporum incidence by approximately 48%, T. atroviride in irrigation by 44%, and SSF enriched with T. atroviride reached 58% disease incidence reduction, though this increase was not statistically significant. These results confirm that both SSF and T. atroviride can partially suppress F. oxysporum, but further optimization is needed for consistent and complete pathogen control.
- Factors influencing access to advanced sanitation service level and drinking-water quality in healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a convergent sequential studyPublication . Retta, Mulumebet Tadesse; Gari, Sirak Robele; Alemu, Bezatu Mengistie; Ambelu, ArgawThis study investigates factors influencing access to advanced sanitation services and drinking water quality in healthcare facilities (HCFs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Despite the critical role of sanitation and safe water in preventing healthcareassociated infections, many facilities face significant challenges. A convergent sequential study was conducted in 382 healthcare facilities, which involved observations of sanitation facilities, interviews with facility managers, and water quality tests of 382 samples. Additionally, five water samples from reservoirs and distributors were collected, and eight key informant interviews were conducted purposively. In this investigation, only 14.5% of healthcare facilities had advanced sanitation service, while 23.2% had basic sanitation services. Over half (62.3%) of the facilities provided limited sanitation services. Additionally, 22.7% of water samples tested positive for enterococci, 26% for Escherichia coli, 35% for fecal coliforms, and 38.8% for total coliforms. All samples analyzed for fluoride, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were below permissible limits, except for 6.6% of the samples that exceeded the pH level of 8.5. In contrast, all water samples from reservoirs and distributors were free from bacterial contaminations, and their fluoride, conductivity, and TDS levels were within the standard. Factors such as having infection prevention committee (IPC)(AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.07-7.52), trained managers on sanitation safety plan (AOR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.10-7.94), managers trained in infection prevention (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.25-10.48), having sanitation standards (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.06-11.64), availability of sufficient budget for sanitation services (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.14-9.15), having specific annual sanitation plan (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.52-8.58), using updated WASH guidelines (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.05-11.20), absence of a sanitation safety plan (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.91), lack of regular monitoring and evaluation (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07- 0.83), and managers who did not involve in leading renovation of WASH infrastructure (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.70) were significantly associated with access to advanced sanitation service level. Access to advanced and basic sanitation services is low in HCFs of Addis Ababa. Several core factors affecting access to advanced sanitation service level has been identified. Many water samples from healthcare facilities were contaminated by bacteria. Enhancing training programs for healthcare managers and securing adequate funding are critical steps toward improving sanitation and water quality.
- Girogonitos de carofitas en el Parque Nacional de Doñana: Su registro en sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenosPublication . Muñoz, Adolfo M.; Ruiz, Francisco; Guerra, Liliana; Veiga-Pires, Cristina; Toscano, Antonio; González-Regalado, María Luz; Abad, Manuel; Rodríguez Vidal, Joaquín; Cáceres, Luis Miguel; Izquierdo, Tatiana; Carretero, María Isabel; Pozo, Manuel; Monge, Guadalupe; Tosquella, Josep; Gómez, Paula; Romero, Verónica; Arroyo, MartaGirogonitos de carofitas en el Parque Nacional de Doñana: Su registro en sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenos Las caráceas constituyen un grupo importante de macrófitos acuáticos en el Parque Nacional de Doñana. En este artículo, se estudia la distribución de sus girogonitos en diversos medios de este espacio protegido (lagunas temporales, surgencias, caños, márgenes del río Guadalquivir, etc), relacionándola tanto con las variables físico-químicas como con la textura y mineralogía del sedimento. Se efectúa una revisión del registro geológico de este grupo en diversos testigos compuestos por sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenos.
- Impact of trace elements of wastewater from steel and iron industry on benthic communities of Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia)Publication . Jaziri, Sayda; Said, Olfa Ben; Mahmoudi, Ezzeddine; Duran, Robert; Strungaru, Stefan-Adrian; Plavan, Oana; Nicoara, Mircea; Plavan, Gabriel; Chicharo, LuisThe metallurgical industry is amongst the most water-intensive industrial sectors. It generates significant quantities of trace elements (TEs) in wastewater, which are largely discharged into the aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of TEs in wastewater effluent (WWF) from the Tunisian Iron and Steel Company "EL FOULADH" on the Bizerte Lagoon ecosystem. To this end, it entailed collecting samples of EL FOULADH WWF, Bizerte Lagoon water, and sediments from seven stations located both adjacent and far (-0.12, 0.34, 5.37, 7.58, 8.26, 8.65, 11.96 m) from WWF discharge points and measuring their TEs contents. Additionally, sediment contamination indices were estimated and bacterial and meiofaunal community assemblages were analyzed. Both univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PCA/CCA/Cluster) analysis revealed significant dissimilarities in the distribution of TEs, meiofaunal, and bacterial communities between downstream and upstream WWF discharge points. The comparison of abiotic and biotic variables revealed specific benthic assemblages for the station closest to the WWF discharge points. Interestingly, these sediments are distinctively characterized by the total disappearance of copepods. These findings offer us valuable information, pointing out to specific meiofauna and bacterial taxa, TEs sediment content affects the benthic assemblage of Bizerte lagoon via modeling trophic relationships.
- Impacts of climate change on the hydrology of a highly disturbed tropical river basinPublication . Alvarenga, Claudiana Mesquita de; Alvarenga, Lívia Alves; Melo, Pâmela Aparecida; Tomasella, Javier; Pinto, Pâmela Rafanele França; Mello, Carlos Rogério de; Isidoro, JorgeClimate change significantly affects hydrological responses, yet studies addressing future water availability in the Paraopeba River Basin (PRB), an important tributary of the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil, remain limited, particularly under CMIP6 scenarios and using distributed hydrological modeling approaches. In this context, this study evaluated the hydrological responses of the PRB, under climate change using the MHD-INPE. Future projections were based on an ensemble of seven climate models from the NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 collection, considering a baseline period (1992–2014), three future periods 17(2040–2060, 2061–2080 and 2081–2100) and two socioeconomic scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585). The model satisfactorily reproduced observed streamflow during the baseline period. Under the SSP585 scenario, the projections indicate stronger alterations in water availability, with a potential intensification of flood and drought events, as reflected by reductions in minimum streamflows (Q90) and increases in maximum streamflows (Q10), particularly in sub-basins 4 and 5, where Q90 reductions approach 30% and Q10 increases reach 11.7%. Additionally, a decrease in Q7,10 values was observed, which enabled the analysis of the Conflict Index (Icg), indicating that water withdrawals currently granted may exceed the limits established by existing legislation in future scenarios (Igc > 1).
- Incidence and risk factors of soil‐transmitted helminths among vegetable farmers of Addis Ababa, EthiopiaPublication . Gurmassa, Bethelhem kinfu; Gari, Sirak Robele; Solomon, Ephrem Tefera; Dessie, Bitwe K.; Alemu, Bezatu MengistieBackground: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common neglected tropical diseases in areas with poor sanitation. InEthiopia, urban farmers using contaminated river water for irrigation are exposed to parasite infection. This study examined theincidence and associated risk factors of STH infections among vegetable farmers in Addis Ababa, comparing those usingwastewater with those using clean water.Methods: A mixed-methods design was applied, incorporating a community-based cross-sectional survey and a longitudinallaboratory investigation from December 2021 to December 2023. The study involved 290 farmers (136 wastewater-exposed and 129unexposed) across 10 sites along the Big and Little Akaki Rivers. Data were collected via questionnaires, observation, health diaries,and stool samples, with diagnosis performed using the Kato–Katz method. STATA 14 was used for data analysis, including logisticregression to identify signifcant risk factors (p < 0.05).Results: STH incidence was signifcantly higher among wastewater-irrigating farmers (19.8%) compared to nonusers (8.5%), withincidence rates of 7.1 and 3.04 per 1000 person-months, respectively. The relative risk was 2.32, indicating wastewater irrigationincreases STH infection. Risk factors among wastewater-exposed farmers, poor fngernail hygiene (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.65–42.7),and not wearing boots (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.66–11.5) increased STH infection risk. Defecating on farms raised infection odds inboth exposed (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.55–3.05) and unexposed (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.55–2.10) groups. Hand contamination(AOR = 6.9; 95% CI: 2.92–55.7), washing vegetables with wastewater (AOR = 11.6; 95% CI: 3.64–23.9), and not wearing protectiveclothing (exposed: AOR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.11–87.9; unexposed: AOR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.31–22.8) also signifcantly contributed to STHinfection.Conclusion: Wastewater irrigation signifcantly elevates the risk of STH infections, promoting afordable safe wastewater ir-rigation practices (sand or gravel flters, drip irrigation) along with hygiene, sanitation, and health education for farmers, to protectfarming communities.
- Matrix solid-phase dispersion procedure for determination of antibiotics and metabolites in mussels: application in exposure bioassaysPublication . Mejías, Carmen; GARCIA DA FONSECA, TAINÁ; García-Criado, Noelia; Martín, Julia; Santos, Juan Luis; Aparicio, Irene; Alonso, EstebanAbstract: The presence of antibiotics in seafood for human consumption may pose a risk for consumers. Furthermore, some marine organisms, such as mussels, can result in appropriate bioindicators of marine contamination. In this work, a multiresidue analytical methodology suitable for the determination of antibiotics and metabolites in mussels is proposed. The target compounds include three sulphonamides and trimethoprim (TMP) and six of their main metabolites. Sample treatment involves extraction and clean-up in a single step using matrix solid-phase dispersion with acetonitrile. Analytical determination was carried out by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99), accuracy (from 80.8 to 118%), and limits of quantification (lower than 5 ng g−1 (dry matter, dm)) were obtained for all selected compounds. The method was applied to the determination of antibiotics in mussel samples from an exposure assay with contaminated seawater with TMP and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Both antibiotics were detected in the analysed samples with concentrations up to 77.5 ng g−1 dm. TMP was bioconcentrated to a higher extent than SMX, attributable to its higher hydrophobicity. None of the metabolites were detected. These results demonstrate that Mytilus galloprovincialis is a suitable bioindicator to assess marine pollution.