ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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- What can lithics tell us about hominin technology's ‘primordial soup’? an origin of stone knapping via the emulation of mother naturePublication . Eren, Metin I.; Lycett, Stephen J.; Bebber, Michelle R.; Key, Alastair; Buchanan, Briggs; Finestone, Emma; Benson, Joseph; Gürbüz, Rebecca Biermann; Cebeiro, Adela; Garba, Roman; Grunow, Anne; Lovejoy, C. Owen; MacDonald, Danielle; Maletic, Erica; Miller, G. Logan; Ortiz, Joseph D.; Paige, Jonathan; Pargeter, Justin; Proffitt, Tomos; Raghanti, Mary Ann; Riley, Teal; Rose, Jeffrey Ian; Singer, David M.; Walker, Robert S.The use of stone hammers to produce sharp stone flakes—knapping—is thought to represent a significant stage in hominin technological evolution because it facilitated the exploitation of novel resources, including meat obtained from medium-to-large-sized vertebrates. The invention of knapping may have occurred via an additive (i.e., cumulative) process that combined several innovative stages. Here, we propose that one of these stages was the hominin use of ‘naturaliths,’ which we define as naturally produced sharp stone fragments that could be used as cutting tools. Based on a review of the literature and our own research, we first suggest that the ‘typical’ view, namely that sharp-edged stones are seldom produced by nonprimate processes, is likely incorrect. Instead, naturaliths can be, and are being, endlessly produced in a wide range of settings and thus may occur on the landscape in far greater numbers than archaeologists currently understand or acknowledge. We then explore the potential role this ‘naturalith prevalence’ may have played in the origin of hominin stone knapping. Our hypothesis suggests that the origin of knapping was not a ‘Eureka!’ moment whereby hominins first made a sharp flake by intention or by accident and then sought something to cut, but instead was an emulative process by hominins aiming to reproduce the sharp tools furnished by mother nature and already in demand. We conclude with a discussion of several corollaries our proposal prompts, and several avenues of future research that can support or question our proposal.
- Machine learning applications in use-wear analysis: a critical reviewPublication . Eleftheriadou, Anastasia; McPherron, Shannon P.; Marreiros, JoãoUse-wear analysis examines the macroscopic and microscopic patterns of traces left on tool surfaces as a result of use. Recently, machine learning (ML) has been employed as a promising method for automating and standardizing the identification of these traces. While the number of use-wear analysts using ML continues to grow, discussions regarding the effectiveness and appropriate implementation of these methods are ongoing. The main aim of this literature review is to provide recommendations for the more effective application of ML in use-wear analysis and archaeological research, by identifying trends, research gaps, and evaluating the quality of the models developed. There are three key challenges identified. Firstly, the limited adoption of open science practices restricts the creation of large datasets and hinders reproducibility and transparency. Secondly, research efforts are concentrated within limited institutions, focusing on certain research questions, algorithms, raw materials, and use-wear traces. Thirdly, the inadequate quality, quantity, and diversity of data affect the performance of the models being developed. To address these challenges, this paper advocates for the promotion of open science and the systematic gathering of experimental and analytical data. Involving a broader range of institutions can improve research quality and promote greater diversity of perspectives. Collaboration with computer scientists and computational archaeologists is essential to integrate the expertise necessary for designing and implementing effective ML methods. By addressing these factors, this paper facilitates the effective use of machine learning, enabling use-wear analysts and archaeologists to develop robust models that automate, accelerate, and improve their research.
- Late neanderthal subsistence and foraging mobility at Lapa do Picareiro: a zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of Level JJPublication . Carvalho, Milena; Haws, Jonathan; Jones, Emily LenaRecent revisions of Neanderthal behavioral models call into question the notion of inflexible subsistence strategies. Here, we present new zooarchaeological and taphonomic data from Level JJ at Lapa do Picareiro (Portuguese Estremadura), dating to ∼51.5–42.5 ka cal BP, to evaluate Neanderthal prey selection, mobility, and adaptive responses to climatic fluctuations during MIS 3. Our zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of macro-mammalian faunal assemblages—divided into three stratigraphic subunits—reveals a consistent emphasis on red deer exploitation, supplemented by occasional hunting of ibex, chamois, aurochs, and horse. Despite paleoenvironmental disturbances associated with Heinrich Stadial (HS) 5, the stable abundance and processing of red deer indicate that these key resources remained reliable, supporting a localized foraging territory estimated at 225–400 km². In contrast, the lithic record shows a shift in raw material procurement before and after the climatic event, suggesting adaptive technological responses. Overall, our findings imply that Neanderthals at Picareiro employed brief, intermittent site occupations while maintaining resilient, regionally adapted subsistence and mobility strategies in the face of environmental variability.
- The behavioural ecology of hominin locomotion: what can we learn from landscapes of fear and primate terrestriality?Publication . Hammond, Philippa; Bobe, René; Carvalho, SusanaA defining feature of the hominin clade is bipedality, often parcelled together with terrestriality. However, there is increasing evidence of locomotor diversity, both within the hominin clade and amongst the Miocene apes that came before them. There is also growing recognition that bipedalism might have arboreal origins and that arboreality persisted in several hominin taxa, including our own genus Homo. Furthermore, the difference between terms like “habitual” and “obligate” bipedality is not clearly defined and is often inferred from fossil features, rather than a description of each behaviour in vivo. Combining fossil and palaeoecological evidence with insights from behavioural ecology facilitates new interpretations of evolutionary pathways and highlights the importance of considering convergent evolution in the emergence of locomotor traits and characteristics. Taking such an approach also moves away from assumptions of a straight-line trajectory towards modern human locomotion and explores the likelihood that independent forms of bipedality and terrestriality arose at different times and in different combinations with other features of ape morphology and behaviour. Evidence from extant primate species can broaden our understanding of the correlates, causes, and consequences of terrestriality and can be used to generate hypotheses which are then explored further using paleontological methods. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary origins of hominin locomotion, but extend our review to include broader timescales, a wider range of primate taxa, and an integrated set of methods and disciplines for generating and testing hypotheses about locomotion. Perceived risk (or, the “landscape of fear”) is a key pressure that has selected for primate arboreality – particularly nocturnal arboreality. We propose that shifts in Plio-Pleistocene landscapes of fear – caused by declining carnivoran abundance and diversity – might also have been a key selection pressure in changes to primate locomotion, particularly papionin and hominid terrestriality. We discuss this hypothesis and propose future research avenues to explore it further. Not only will such research provide a more nuanced view of the causes and consequences of a rare behavioural trait in primates, but it could ultimately help us explain how one group of African apes came to spend all their time on the ground, and how that made them human.
- Roman-indigenous interaction in the Salas River valley (Northwest Iberia): the Roman camp of Alto da Raia and its archaeological landscape.Publication . Fonte, João; Tereso, João Pedro; Vaz, Filipe Costa; Rodrigues, Ana Luísa; Dias, Maria Isabel; Marques, Rosa; Russo, Dulce; Monteiro, Patrícia; Rodrigues, Mariana Costa; Pereiro, Tiago; Carvalho, José; Raimundo, Francisco; Cardoso, Vanessa; Jorge, Carlos; García Sánchez, Jesús; Gago, Manuel; Gonçalves, José Alberto; Meunier, Emmanuelle; Oliveira, Nuno; Oltean, IoanaThis paper discusses the archaeological research and historical contextualisation of the Alto da Raia enclosure located on the border between northern Portugal and Galicia, identified as a possible Roman camp, following an interdisciplinary and multi-proxy approach. This included archaeological excavation, remote sensing and geophysical survey, as well as sample collection for archaeobotanical and geochemical studies by means of chemical and mineralogical analyses and absolute dating using radiocarbon and luminescence protocols. The results seem to indicate that this site was a Roman camp probably built and occupied between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, when major changes occurred in Northwest Iberia driven by the expansion of the Roman State. The camp overlaps with previous prehistoric occupations possibly dating back to the Bronze Age and Iron Age.
- Baboon route repetition in a seasonal environmentPublication . Lewis-Bevan, Lynn Catrin; Hammond, Philippa; Carvalho, Susana; Biro, DoraIntroduction: Route-based navigation is a common movement strategy for a variety of taxa, wherein animals repeatedly re-use familiar paths during travel. However, this type of navigation is understudied in wild animals that experience regular displacement, raising questions about the robustness and longevity of such routes and route memories. The seasonal flooding of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, provides an opportunity to test multiple facets of route-based navigation in wild primates, due to its high seasonality and annual flooding.Methods: Data was collected from GPS collars placed on four chacma baboons in two troops in Gorongosa National Park. Using GPS points taken every 15 minutes, we use nearest-neighbour analysis to compare daily paths across the year, to identify high-use paths. We then look at the identified high-use paths to see if they are used across the entire study period, with a focus on areas that were vacated for more than two months of the study period.Results: We find that the baboons do have vacated areas, but return to the same areas after displacement. We did not find high-use routes in these areas used both before and after displacement, although high-use routes did exist that were used across the study period in different areas.Discussion: Our results indicate that routes may not be maintained in long-term memory spanning several months, or that route reuse is in part dependant on seasonal resources or navigational aids. Although the study period did not span a full year, this study presents a replicable method of analysing route reuse and identifying high-use routes without traditional methods of manually overlaying and analysing daily paths.
- Origins of raw milk consumption in the Iberian Peninsula and Portuguese territory: archaeogenetics and zooarchaeologyPublication . Garcez Fernandes, Gonçalo; Valente, Maria João; Oliveira, Hugo; Fernandes Martins, Maria JoãoIn Europe, lactose tolerance after weaning (lactase persistence – LP) is determined by a single mutation in the MCM6 gene. The timing and mode of the emergence of raw milk consumption in Portuguese territory have not been addressed, despite its significance in Portuguese subsistence and culinary tradition. To identify the earliest instance of the LP mutation, we examined this locus in ancient DNA (aDNA) data from Iberian individuals spanning from the Palaeolithic to the Modern Age, available in the Allen Ancient DNA Resource database. Additionally, we reviewed zooarchaeological data on domesticated milk-producing species from bibliographic sources. In Iberia, the earliest occurrence of the LP mutation dates to the Early Bronze Age. The individual also carried the Y-chromosome Haplogroup R1b, typically associated with the hypothesised Yamnaya movement during this period. In Portugal, the first individual with LP dates to the Roman Period. Zooarchaeological data suggest that milk was consumed in small quantities in Portugal until the Roman Period. Milk production increased more significantly during the Middle Ages, but its impact on LP remains to be determined.
- Mapping lateral stratigraphy at Palaeolithic surface sites: a case study from Dhofar, OmanPublication . Rose, Jeffrey Ian; Hilbert, Yamandú H.; Usyk, Vitaly I.; Bebber, Michelle R.; Beshkani, Amir; Buchanan, Briggs; Cascalheira, João; Chlachula, Dominik; Dellmour, Rudolf; Eren, Metin I.; Garba, Roman; Hallinan, Emily; Li, Li; Walker, Robert S.; Marks, Anthony E.Open-air accumulations of chipped stone debris are a common feature in arid landscapes, yet despite their prevalence, such archives are often dismissed as uninformative or unreliable. In the canyonlands of Dhofar, southern Oman, lithic surface scatters are nearly ubiquitous, including extensive, multi-component workshops associated with chert outcrops. These sites typically display chronologically diagnostic features that correspond to distinct taphonomic states, which in turn appear linked to spatial distribution, with more heavily weathered artifacts often found farther from the chert outcrops. We propose that post-depositional modifications and spatial distributions of chipped stone artifacts reflect site formation processes and, under certain conditions, may provide relative chronological information when absolute dating methods are unavailable. Our study tests this hypothesis by mapping artifact distribution and lithic taphonomy across a series of surface sites in southern Oman, spanning the Lower, Middle, and Upper/Late Palaeolithic periods. The results largely support our model, offering valuable insights into surface site formation and technological change over time. While these findings serve as broad predictive markers for age, their applicability for analyzing finer-scale assemblage variability remains to be determined. Future taphonomic recording systems should aim to quantify surface modifications to enhance replicability for such studies.
- Exploring early acheulian technological decision-making: a controlled experimental approach to raw material selection for percussive artifacts in Melka Wakena, EthiopiaPublication . Paixão, Eduardo; Gossa, Tegenu; Gneisinger, Walter; Marreiros, Joao; Tholen, Sören; Calandra, Ivan; Hovers, ErellaThe evolution of human behaviour is marked by key decision-making processes reflected in technological variability in the early archaeological record. As part of the technological system, differences in raw material quality directly affect the way that humans produce, design and use stone tools. The selection, procurement and use of various raw materials requires decision-making to evaluate multiple factors such as suitability to produce and design tools, but also the materials’ efficiency and durability in performing a given task. Therefore, characterizing the physical properties of various lithic raw materials is crucial for exploring changes in human interactions with their natural environment through time and space and for understanding their technological behaviour. In this paper, we present the first step in an ongoing program designed to understand the decision-making criteria involved in the use of raw materials by the early Acheulian tool-makers at the Melka Wakena (MW) site-complex, located on the Ethiopian highlands. We present the results of the first experimental step, in which we identified and measured the engineering properties of raw materials in the lithic assemblages. These data serve as an objective, quantifiable baseline for natural experiments as well as archaeological inquiries into the technological decision-making processes of early Pleistocene hominins in Africa.
- A multi-embankment Chalcolithic walled enclosurePublication . Texugo, André; Basílio, Ana Catarina; Pina, Pedro; Goyanes, Gabriel; Vieira, GonçaloOta, a key part of the Chalcolithic walled enclosure phenomenon in Portuguese Estremadura, represents a unique settlement strategy within the actual territory of Portugal. The architecture and social dynamics of this site remained largely unexplored until 2019. This study marks a significant shift in its study, utilizing a synergistic approach of archaeology and geotechnologies, embodied in the using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle equipped with LiDAR. This innovative combination successfully pene trated the dense vegetation, revealing 21 previously unknown archaeological features. The re sults from the fieldwork unveiled a novel type of walled enclosure at Ota, characterized by a series of four embankments. This discovery prompts a re-evaluation of the roles and practices of 3rd millennium BC com munities in Portuguese Estremadura. Furthermore, the proven efficacy of this methodology paves the way for its application in similar archaeological contexts. The paper presents a comprehensive analy sis of the recent fieldwork, integrating interpretations from LiDAR data, material studies and 14C dating.