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- Early development of Neanderthals revealed through virtual microanatomyPublication . Miszkiewicz, Justyna J.; Godinho, Ricardo Miguel; Sohler-Snoddy, Anne Marie; Pasda, Kerstin; Détroit, Florent; Mahoney, Patrick; Rathgeber, Thomas; Posth, Cosimo; Uthmeier, Thorsten; Barbieri, AlviseThe ontogeny of Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) perinates is poorly understood due to the paucity of juvenile skeletal remains. Here we reconstruct fetal bone growth, and explore deciduous tooth structures, in three Neanderthal juveniles (Sesselfelsgrotte, 1, 2 and 3) (90 000–50 000 years ago) from southeastern Germany using non-invasive microcomputed tomography. Sesselfelsgrotte 1 exhibited bone tissue consistent with modern human perinatal plexiform-like structures and primary osteons. Long bones showed regions of advanced growth compared with the mandible and frontal bone, which can be explained through different processes of ossification and potentially localized faster development in Neanderthals compared with modern humans. Bone microstructure resembles that of the late third trimester of modern humans, agreeing with previous estimates based on macroscopic data. Sesselfelsgrotte 2 and 3 deciduous teeth retain hypodensities deep within the crown dentine consistent with interglobular dentine. We conclude that the fetal bone patterning is similar to modern humans with some areas of advanced growth, indicating that the growth trajectory for this Neanderthal perinate was broadly equivalent to that of modern humans. The abnormal dentine mineralization points towards a possible systemic disorder.
- Investigating medicinal resource combinations in the Bornean orangutan dietPublication . Allen, G.; Freymann, E.; d´Oliveira Coelho, João; Shagara, H.; Shinyo, I.; Panda, A.; Jaya, A.; Hockings, K. J.; Morrogh-Bernard, H. C.Self-medication occurs across diverse taxa, but identifying novel behaviours and medicinal resources remains challenging due to the need for long-term observation, intensive health monitoring, and costly pharmacological analyses. Recent advances in analytical methods have enabled the development of the self-medicative resource combination hypothesis (SMRCH), which proposes that non-human animals may deliberately combine therapeutic resources when ill. This framework has previously been applied to identify non-random dietary combinations in wild chimpanzees. Here, we extend this approach to another great ape by examining dietary combinations in wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), a species with emerging evidence of medicative feeding behaviour, thereby enabling broader comparative insight into medicative feeding across great apes. Using longterm feeding data from a Sebangau peat-swamp forest Central Kalimantan, we analysed patterns of plant use and evaluated their potential medicinal relevance. Our analyses revealed non-random dietary combinations involving plant species with documented ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties. These findings are consistent with the SMRCH, supporting its utility as a framework for identifying non-random dietary associations that may represent candidate self-medicative behaviours in orangutans and other great apes. This research highlights the importance of preserving Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation and global health research.
- Parting ways: pan-homo divergence revisitedPublication . de Oliveira Coelho, João; Anemone, Robert L.; Bobe, René; Carvalho, SusanaThe timing of divergence between hominins and the bonobo-chimpanzee clade has been at the core of palaeoanthropological debate for over a century. The earliest molecular studies indicated divergence times ranging from 5 Ma to as recently as 1.3 Ma. This study critically reviews the trends of time estimates published between 1967 and 2023, and analyses how these are supported or rejected by the current molecular and fossil records. We compiled 202 divergence estimates and defined three distinct thresholds based on fossil evidence at 4.4 Ma (Australopithecus anamensis and Ardipithecus ramidus), 6.2 Ma (Orrorin tugenensis and Ardipithecus kadabba), and 7.2 Ma (Sahelanthropus tchadensis). We then used these thresholds to filter out molecular estimates that are too young to fit the fossil record. Overall, the data suggests a divergence event within the late Miocene, with each threshold pushing it further back, 8.63–6.38, 10.33–7.81, and 10.95–8.81 Ma, respectively. We use a quadratic regression to demonstrate that estimates have been slowly shifting from ~6 Ma to ~8.5 Ma over the past 56 years. A Bayesian meta-analysis of genomic estimates filtered by our most consensual threshold (i.e., assuming Australopithecus belongs to Hominini) indicates that the split must have occurred early in the late Miocene, most likely before 7 Ma (~99.5% posterior probability) with a pooled effect of 8.69–7.28 Ma. We conclude that, despite an initial bias towards younger estimates, the molecular timing for the last common ancestor (LCA) of PanHomo has been progressively approaching the intervals suggested by the current fossil record.
- EVApeCognition: an 18-year dataset of great ape cognition.Publication . Sánchez-Amaro, Alejandro; Ebel van Wijk, Sonja J.; Molenaar, Carin; Abuova, Akzira; Mujica-Manrique, Lizbeth; Leisterer-Peoples, Sarah M.; Beheim, Bret; Maurits, Luke; Albiach-Serrano, Anna; Allritz, Matthias; Altınok, Nazli; Amici, Federica; Auersperg, Alice Mi; Aureli, Filippo; Bandini, Elisa; Barth, Jochen; Benziad, Leïla; Bläsing, Bettina E.; Bohn, Manuel; Bourjade, Marie; Bräuer, Juliane; Broihanne, Marie-Hélène; Brosnan, Sarah F.; Bueno-Guerra, Nereida; Bugnyar, Thomas; Buttelmann, David; Buttelmann, Frances; Cacchione, Trix; Carpenter, Malinda; Colmenares, Fernando; Crockford, Catherine; Cronin, Katherine A.; de Las Heras, África; De Marco, Arianna; DeTroy, Sarah E.; Dufour, Valérie; Duguid, Shona; Dunbar, Robin I. M.; Eckert, Johanna; Engelmann, Jan M.; Fagot, Joel; Fischer, Julia; Forss, Sofia Ingrid Fredrika; Funk, Martina; Gergely, György; Greenberg, Julia R.; Großmann, Johannes; Grüneisen, Sebastian; Halina, Marta; Hanus, Daniel; Heilbronner, Sarah R.; Heintz, Christophe; Hepach, Robert; Herrmann, Esther; Hirata, Satoshi; Hribar, Alenka; Janzen, Gabriele; Kaminski, Juliane; Kanngiesser, Patricia; Kano, Fumihiro; Kirchhofer, Katharina C.; Knofe, Hagen; Kopp, Kathrin S.; Krupenye, Christopher; Laumer, Isabelle Barbara; Levinson, Stephen C.; Liszkowski, Ulf; Manrique, Héctor M.; Martin-Ordas, Gema; McEwen, Emma Suvi; Moore, Richard T.; Munar, Enric; Nadal, Marcos; Nawroth, Christian; Nolte, Suska; Pelé, Marie; Potì, Patrizia; Rakoczy, Hannes; Riedel, Julia; Romain, Amélie; Rossano, Federico; Russell, Yvan I.; Sabbatini, Gloria; Schäfer, Marie; Scheumann, Marina; Schmelz, Martin; Schmid, Benjamin; Schmitt, Vanesa; Sebastián-Enesco, Carla; Seed, Amanda Madeleine; Suda-King, Chikako; Tauzin, Tibor; Tempelmann, Sebastian; Tennie, Claudio; Truppa, Valentina; Uher, Jana; Vaish, Amrisha; J C van Leeuwen, Edwin; Visalberghi, Elisabetta M.; Völter, Christoph J.; Vonau, Victoria; Wascher, Claudia A. F.; Wittig, Roman M.; Wolf, Wouter; Tomasello, Michael; Liebal, Katja; Call, Josep; Haun, Daniel B. M.The study of great ape cognition offers insights into the evolutionary origins of human intelligence, but is hindered by small sample sizes and restricted access to data. To address this, we present the EVApeCognition Dataset, a publicly available resource comprising 262 experimental datasets from 150 scientific publications from the Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center (2004–2021) in Leipzig, Germany. Eighty-one apes participated in 150 studies, with a majority (N = 78) participating in more than one study. Publication of the dataset aims to make these unique datasets accessible for future meta-analyses and correlational analyses, helping us better understand how our great ape relatives think, learn, and behave.
- Unlocking the past: dental calculus as key to understanding ancient health and disease through a one health frameworkPublication . Neves, Dulce; Cristiani, Emanuela; Carvalho, António Manuel Faustino de; Silva, Ana MariaObjective: Ancient dental calculus (DC) serves as a critical biomolecular repository, preserving dietary and extra-dietary residues related to past health and disease. This review examines DC as a potential 'One Paleopathology' resource, highlighting the interconnectedness of past human-animal-environmental health. Through a One Health lens, it critically assesses current research and opportunities for the next 50 years of study. Results: By synthesizing the available literature and the current state of the art, we critically evaluate how DC research bridges paleopathology, bioarchaeology, and modern health sciences, providing a unique lens for assessing health and disease within ecological and evolutionary contexts. We highlight methodological advances and limitations, while identifying critical gaps and opportunities for interdisciplinary integration, standardization, and forward-looking research to expand the field over the next 50 years. Conclusions: DC research effectively integrates paleopathology, bioarchaeology, and modern health sciences enabling the reconstruction of health and disease within ecological and evolutionary contexts and highlights the interdependence of humans, animals, and the environment. Significance: From a One Health perspective, dental calculus analysis provides a long-term perspective on interactions among humans, animals, microbes, and environments, informing past and contemporary health research. Limitations: Interpretation is constrained by preservation biases, variability in analytical methods, and the destructive nature of sampling dental calculus. Further Research: Future investigations should prioritize sustainable sampling, methodological standardization, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Emerging technologies and integrative approaches will place DC research at the forefront of 'One Paleopathology'.
- Invited reply: response to: towards a universal definition of ‘domestication’Publication . Robert Spengler, III; Oliveira, HugoKosovsky et al. have responded to two recent attempts at unifying the scientific community under one definition for domestication—Spengler et al. [1] titled: Seeking consensus on the domestication concept and Lord et al.’s [2] recent paper, titled: A universally applicable definition of domestication. We will quickly comment on the main critiques raised by Kosovsky et al. [3], which seem focused more on the proposal from Lord et al. In both cases, these groups of scholars draw awareness to important issues, but ultimately, we read both of their discussions as demonstrations for the need to unify the multidisciplinary array of scholars currently studying domestication. Without a consensus on the definition, we are all trapped in a semantics skirmish that impedes scientific progress.
- Rapid growth in a Neandertal infant from Amud Cave in IsraelPublication . Been, Ella; Hovers, Erella; Rak, Yoel; Cabec, Adeline Le; Dean, Christopher; Barash, AlonNeandertal infants are rarely found, with only a few individuals documented in the literature. Therefore, their growth and development remain poorly understood. Amud 7 is the articulated skeleton of an infant Neandertal discovered in Amud Cave, northern Israel.1,2 The cave was excavated in the 1960s1 and the 1990s2–11 and has yielded several human remains with distinct Neandertal affinities,1,9–14 as well as Middle Paleolithic stone tool assemblages,15–21 dated to approximately 51–56 thousand years old.22,23 Nearly 111 skeletal pieces of Amud 7 were found in situ, of which only the cranial bones were thoroughly described.24–27 It is the most complete Neandertal infant assigned to the 6- to 14-month age range. As such, it plays a significant role in our understanding of Neandertal paleobiology. The skeleton exhibits distinct Neandertal affinities in both cranial and postcranial remains, and its morphological features shed light on Neandertal phylogeny, growth, and development. Most notably, the infant exhibits signs of unusually rapid somatic growth, suggesting that Neandertals had a distinct developmental strategy in early life. Other rare Neandertal infants show the same pattern of accelerated early somatic and endocranial growth, suggesting a consistent difference in how our evolutionary relatives developed. Simultaneously supporting faster somatic growth and brain development would have resulted in high energetic demands. These findings emphasize the diversity of developmental strategies among hominin species and demonstrate that Neandertals might have followed a different developmental path, distinguishing them from H. sapiens.
- 3.º Colóquio internacional história das ideias e dos conceitos em arqueologia: relato do colóquioPublication . Cardoso, João LuisResenha do encontro «3.º Colóquio Internacional História das Ideias e dos Conceitos em Arqueologia: o povoado pré-histórico de Leceia e o seu enquadramento no Calcolítico do Sul peninsular», realizado em Oeiras a 24 de Maio de 2024.
- Leceia, Moita da Ladra e Outeiro Redondo: aspectos arquitectónicos, construtivos e espólios arqueológicos tendo em vista a interpretação funcional no contexto demográfico da épocaPublication . Cardoso, João LuisOs três maiores sítios onde o autor conduziu escavações arqueológicas - Leceia (Oeiras), entre 1983 e 2002; Moita da Ladra (Vila Franca de Xira), entre 2003 e 2006; e Outeiro Redondo (Sesimbra), entre 2005 e 2016 - forneceram um volume de informação com inquestionável relevância para o nosso conhecimento sobre arquitecturas, estratigrafias e cronologias absolutas. Estes dados tornaram-se essenciais para a compreensão da economia e da organização social das populações que ocuparam esta vasta região, com o seu próprio significado cultural: o designado "Calcolítico da Estremadura". Somando a este notável volume de informação, os espólios arqueológicos recolhidos têm vindo a ser estudados exaustivamente e publicados detalhadamente. Este trabalho descreverá as principais características arquitectónicas, tanto defensivas como domésticas, de cada um destes sítios, incluindo as tecnologias construtivas e o uso de diferentes materiais geológicos, tendo em conta os recursos disponíveis localmente. Tais conclusões, combinadas com a localização geográfica e dimensão de cada sítio, assim como com a definição das principais actividades económicas fornecida pela tipologia dos artefactos recolhidos, conduziram, pela primeira vez, a conclusões sobre o seu carácter funcional e como se enquadram no contexto demográfico e económico da região densamente povoada que é a Estremadura durante o 3.º milénio aC.
- Materiais arqueológicos de cunho simbólico recolhidos no povoado de fossos de Porto Torrão (Ferreira do Alentejo)Publication . Cardoso, João Luis; Martins, Filipe; Rebelo, Paulo; Neto, Nuno; Rocha, Miguel; Santos, RaquelAs escavações arqueológicas conduzidas nos Sectores 1, 2 e 3 do povoado de fossos de Porto Torrão (Ferreira do Alentejo), pela empresa Neoépica, permitiram a recolha contextualizada de vários artefactos excepcionais de utilização simbólica. A análise das características dos contextos de recolha, e dos objectos, permitiram compreender a relação entre estes elementos, numa tentativa de definir os espaços domésticos ou funerários nos quais tais objectos eram usados e os contextos nos quais foram subsequentemente descartados.