ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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- Within and beyond: chert pocurement patterns during the upper palaeolithic in Southwesternmost IberiaPublication . Belmiro, Joana; Terradas, Xavier; Dominguez-Bella, Salvador; Cascalheira, JoãoAnalyses of raw materials and the distinction between local/regional and long-distance sources have proven invaluable for understanding the extensive movements, interactions, and social networks during the Upper Palaeolithic in the Iberian Peninsula. However, unlike other parts of Iberia, research on the management and acquisition of raw materials in the south and west of Iberia remains relatively underdeveloped. Despite significant knowledge about the technological practices of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from southern Portugal, particularly from studies conducted at the site of Vale Boi, there is a noticeable lack of focus on raw materials management. This paper presents the first comprehensive characterisation of chert raw materials from the Gravettian, Proto-Solutrean, and Solutrean occupations at Vale Boi, using both macroscopic and petrographic techniques. Our study reveals that the majority of chert found at Vale Boi originates locally, within a 20 km radius. However, a non-negligible portion of the chert comes from non-local sources, indicating > 200 km raw material circulation from central Portugal and southern Spain.
- Arqueologia e antropologia forense em contextos de violência políticaPublication . Correia, Maria AnaA Arqueologia e Antropologia Forense têm-se tornado mais relevantes em casos de significância médico-legal e humanitária, em grande parte impulsionadas pelo seu papel crucial em investigações de violência política do século passado. Este texto revê estes temas e seu enquadramento geral nas Ciências Forenses e Ciências Sociais. Para tal, é feito um breve histórico do desenvolvimento da Arqueologia e Antropologia Forense no mundo e apresentados casos emblemáticos de aplicação delas em contextos de violência política, com destaque para o Brasil. Por fim, são discutidos os desenvolvimentos mais recentes na área, sublinhando como a Arqueologia e a Antropologia Forense podem contribuir para o estudo de formas diversas de violência política.
- Incised stone artefacts from the levantine middle palaeolithic and human behavioural complexityPublication . Goder-Goldberger, Mae; Marreiros, Joao; Paixão, Eduardo; Hovers, ErellaIn recent years, archaeological research has demonstrated the presence of abstract non-utilitarian behaviour amongst palaeolithic hominins, fuelling discussions concerning the origin and implications of such complex behaviours. A key component in these discussions is the aesthetic and symbolic character of intentionally incised artefacts. In this study, we emphasize the geometry of the incisions as clues to intentionality. Using 3D surface analysis, we characterised incisions found on a Levallois core from Manot cave, and on a flake and retouched blade from Amud cave. In addition, we applied the same methodology to the previously published engraved Levallois core from Qafzeh and the plaquette from Quneitra. The incisions on the Manot, Qafzeh and Quneitra artefacts show similar geometric characteristics. Notably in each of these cases, the incisions form patterns that align with the artefact's surface topography and shape. In contrast, the incisions on the Amud artefacts are shallower, with no clear orientation or patterning. The methodology applied thus creates a comparative context for MP incised items, reinforcing the interpretation of the Manot, Qafzeh and Quneitra artefacts as deliberate engravings, whereas the marks on the items from Amud are consistent with their functional use as abraders. While the Qafzeh, Quneitra and Manot items are isolated initiatives in their chronological and geographic contexts, the shared traits of the intentional engravings underscore their predetermined nature.
- Stone selection by wild chimpanzees shares patterns with Oldowan homininsPublication . Braun, D. R.; Carvalho, Susana; Kaplan, R. S.; Beardmore-Herd, Megan; Plummer, T.; Biro, D.; Matsuzawa, T.The use of broad tool repertoires to increase dietary flexibility through extractive foraging behaviors is shared by humans and their closest living relatives (chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes). However, comparisons between tool use in ancient human ancestors (hominins) and chimpanzees are limited by differences in their toolkits. One feature shared by primate and hominin toolkits is rock selection based on physical properties of the stones and the targets of foraging behaviors. Here, we document the selectivity patterns of stone tools used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts at Bossou, Guinea, through controlled experiments that introduce rocks unknown to this population. Experiments incorporate specific rock types because previous studies document hominin selection of these lithologies at Kanjera South 2 Ma. We investigate decisions made by chimpanzees when selecting stones that vary in their mechanical propertiesdfeatures not directly visible to the individual. Results indicate that the selection of anvils and hammers is linked to task-specific mechanical properties. Chimpanzees select harder stones for hammers and softer stones for anvils, indicating an understanding of specific properties for distinct functions. Selectivity of rock types suggests that chimpanzees assess the appropriate materials for functions by discriminating these 'invisible' properties. Adults identify mechanical properties through individual learning, and juveniles often reused the tools selected by adults. Selection of specific rock types may be transmitted through the reuse of combinations of rocks. These patterns of stone selection parallel what is documented for Oldowan hominins. The processes identified in this experiment provide insights into the discrete nature of hominin rock selection patterns in Plio-Pleistocene stone artifact production.
- The rule rather than the exception! multi‐predator actualistic accumulations from Cau del Duc (Lleida, Spain) and their implications for the interpretation of the archaeopaleontological recordPublication . Mignino, Julián; Rufà, Anna; Alonso, Goizane; Arilla, Maite; Blasco, RuthNumerous zooarchaeological cases have reported the presence of more than one type of predator as causal agents in the formation of the bone record in karstic contexts. However, modern analogs capable of supporting these interpretations from actualistic cases are practically nonexistent. In this paper, we present the analysis of a leporid assemblage accumulated in a cave where the action of different non-human predators converged. The exhaustive taphonomic analyses suggest that these remains were accumulated by more than one type of predator as the majority product of non-ingested remains. In comparison with other studies carried out at the same site, we could affirm that the genesis of this assemblage is due to the predatory action of nocturnal birds of prey and carnivorous mammals that carried their prey to this cave. We discuss these results and provide information to enrich archaeological and paleontological studies in contexts with combined taphonomic problems.
- Effects of an extreme weather event on primate populationsPublication . Beardmore-Herd, Megan; Palmer, Meredith S.; Gaynor, Kaitlyn M.; Carvalho, SusanaObjectives: With contemporary, human-induced climate change at a crisis point, extreme weather events (e.g., cyclones, heat waves, floods) are becoming more frequent, intense, and difficult to predict. These events can wreak rapid and significant changes on ecosystems; thus, it is imperative to understand how wildlife communities respond to these disruptions. Primates are perceived as being a largely adaptable order, but we often lack the quantitative data to rigorously assess how they are impacted by extreme environmental change. Leveraging detections from a long-term camera trap survey, this opportunistic study reports the effects of an extreme weather event on a little-studied population of free-ranging primates in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. Materials and Methods: We examined shifts in gray-footed chacma baboon (Papio ursinus griseipes) and vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) spatial distribution and relative abundance following Cyclone Idai—a category four tropical cyclone that struck Mozambique in March 2019. Results: Baboon spatial distributions were impacted in the first month after the cyclone, with more detections in areas where flooding was less severe. Spatial distributions renormalized once floodwaters began to recede. We describe vervet monkey spa tial distribution trends, though sample size limitations inhibited statistical analysis. Primate relative abundance did not appear to substantially decrease following the cyclone, suggesting troops were able to adopt behavioral adjustments to evade rising floodwaters. Discussion: These findings highlight the behavioral flexibility of Gorongosa's primates and their ability to adapt to extreme—if temporary—disruptions, with implications for primate conservation in the Anthropocene and research into how rapid climatic events may have shaped primate evolution.
- Was fire use a cultural trait of the Gravettian? New micro-archaeological data from Fuente del Salín cave (Val de San Vicente, Cantabria)Publication . Alzate-Casallas, Guillermo Alfonso; Miguel Angel Sánchez-Carro; Barbieri, Alvise; Manuel R. González-MoralesMicro-archaeological data from sites located in central and eastern Europe show that, in comparison with other Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, Gravettian foragers used fire more intensively and for a wider range of purposes. At these sites, this shift in pyrotechnology overlaps with the onset of periglacial conditions. Gravettian occupations of non-periglacial regions have been poorly investigated with micro-archaeological methods, and it remains to be further demonstrated whether these foragers also made a similar intensive and multipurpose use of fire. To further investigate this topic, we studied the sequence preserved at the cave of Fuente del Salín, in Cantabria, where previous excavations unearthed potential fire residues of Gravettian age. Using micromorphology, µ-X-ray fluorescence, and Scanning Electron Microscopy we reconstructed multiple phases of human visits to the site. Our results show that, during the main Gravettian occupation, foragers made intensive use of fire, as indicated by abundant heated bones and seashells, charcoals, amorphous char, fat-derived char, and in situ remains of potential stacked open hearths as well as burnt grass beddings. The intensive burning, systematic reuse of combustion features, and multiple purposes of the fires at Fuente del Salín are comparable with Gravettian sites from central and eastern Europe, indicating that these fire-use behaviors probably do not reflect a regional adaptation to periglacial environments but a cultural trait of the Gravettian tradition across Europe.
- Ecomorphological analysis of bovid remains from the Plio-Pleistocene hominin-bearing deposit of Unit P at Kromdraai, South AfricaPublication . Sambo, Recognise; Hanon, Raphaël; Steininger, Christine; Zipfel, Bernhard; Braga, José; Linchamps, Pierre; Maringa, NompumeleloThe site of Kromdraai is known for the first discovery of Paranthropus robustus remains. Research conducted at Kromdraai shows its rich fossiliferous deposits, geological complexity and potential to highlight the evolutionary history of Plio-Pleistocene hominin lineages in a dynamic and changing environment. Here, we provide the results of the first application of ecomorphology to bovid postcranial specimens from the newly excavated deposit of Kromdraai Unit P (KW-Unit P). Four anatomical elements of the bovid skeleton were measured and examined as they represent locomotion and substrate interaction: the astragalus and the proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges. Four discriminant function analyses (DFA) were conducted to determine each element's ability to predict habitat affiliation accurately. This was done by comparing the morphologies of the fossil specimens to modern bovids found in broadly defined habitats (open, light cover, heavy cover, and forest). For the modern assemblage, the DFA cross-validation tests correctly returned classifications ranging from 58.8% to 72.0% in a four-habitat system for the four bone elements. Fossil results revealed that bovids from KW-Unit P had varied morphological adaptations to open and light cover habitats (91.7% combined) with few forest (4.7%) and heavy cover (2.3%) adaptations. This indicates that during the deposition of KW-Unit P, the environment was open with savanna grasslands, tall grasses and light bushes. Forest which is a continuous tree canopy and heavy cover environments represented by dense woodlands and bushes were also present to a lesser degree. Overall, KW-Unit P is characterized as a mosaic with more open and light cover habitats indicating open savanna and grasslands, a riparian forest, woodlands and bushes.These reconstructions are consistent with previous palaeoenvironmental interpretations for KW-Unit P and Kromdraai B (KB) as a whole. Since our results are not entirely limited to KW-Unit P, we, therefore, argue that Paranthropus robustus found at Kromdraai thrived in mosaic environmental settings around the time when open habitats were dominant.
- Modern African ecosystems as landscape-scale analogues for reconstructing woody cover and early hominin environmentsPublication . Negash, Enquye W.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Barr, W. Andrew; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Blumenthal, Scott A.; Bobe, René; Carvalho, Susana; Cerling, Thure E.; Chritz, Kendra L.; McGuire, Elizabeth; Uno, Kevin T.; Wood, Bernard; Wynn, Jonathan G.Reconstructing habitat types available to hominins and inferring how the paleo-landscape changed through time are critical steps in testing hypotheses about the selective pressures that drove the emergence of bipedalism, tool use, a change in diet, and progressive encephalization. Change in the amount and distribution of woody vegetation has been suggested as one of the important factors that shaped early hominin evolution. Previous models for reconstructing woody cover at eastern African hominin fossil sites used global-scale modern soil comparative datasets. Our higher-spatial-resolution study of carbon isotopes in soil organic matter is based on 26 modern African locations, ranging from tropical grass-dominated savannas to forests. We used this dataset to generate a new Eastern Africa -specific Woody Cover Model (EAWCM), which indicates that eastern African hominin sites were up to 13% more wooded than reconstructions based on previous models. Reconstructions using the EAWCM indicate widespread woodlands/bushlands and wooded grasslands and a shift toward C4-dominated landscapes in eastern Africa over the last 6 million years. Our results indicate that mixed tree-C4 grass savannas with 10-80% tree cover (but not pure grasslands with <10 % tree cover) dominated early hominin paleoenvironments. Landscapes with these biomes are marked by exceptional heterogeneity, which posed challenges and offered opportunities to early hominins that likely contributed to major behavioral and morphological shifts in the hominin clade. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd.
- Underneath the surface: examining “hidden lesions” with paleoimaging at Moita do Sebastião, Mesolithic Muge, PortugalPublication . Nogueira, Dany Coutinho; Gaspar, Rosa Ramos; Carreiro, Inês; Godinho, Ricardo Miguel; Umbelino, CláudiaDiscovered 160 years ago, the Muge archaeological sites in Portugal yield the most significant documentation of human skeletons from the Mesolithic period in Western Europe (8200-7100 cal B.P.). However, sediment weight has caused significant postmortem alterations that have limited previous studies. Paleoimaging techniques were applied to overcome these limitations and provide previously inaccessible information. Thirteen crania from Moita do Sebasti & atilde;o (one of the Muge shell middens) were CT scanned for virtual reconstruction and morphological analysis. Meticulous examination of 2D and 3D images revealed bone changes not visible to the naked eye and unrelated to postmortem alterations. A comprehensive differential diagnosis was carried out identifying various pathological conditions including epidermoid or dermoid cysts, intraosseous hemangioma, and a possible case of anemia. These "hidden pathologies" offer new insights into the health status of one of Europe's last hunter-gatherer populations.