ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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- Possible evidence for sea salt production by solar evaporation at a newly discovered submerged neolithic site off the Carmel Coast, IsraelPublication . Galili, Ehud; Eshed, Vered; Friesem, David E.; Ogloblin Ramirez, IsaacThe submerged Early Holocene landscape of the Carmel Coast (Israel) has yielded remarkable evidence of Neolithic settlements and their associated material culture, preserved on and within the seafloor. Here, we report on the preliminary documentation of a newly discovered submerged Neolithic site near N. Mearot Inlet, containing series of rectangular clay basins arranged in a grid pattern. Following their initial identification, sediment cores were extracted from the basins and the ramparts around them and analyzed for their pollen, phytoliths, and mineralogical composition; however, more samples are to be taken and the analyses have yet to yield more conclusive results. Comparisons with later case studies suggest that the polygonal cracking of the clay and the basins’ morphology, size, and spatial organization are more consistent with salt evaporation pans, which were operated ca. 7000 years BP, than with plot-and-berm agricultural use, though agricultural use cannot be ruled out entirely.
- Natural history is more relevant than ever for primate ecology and conservationPublication . Carvalho, Susana; Bobe, René; Beardmore-Herd, Megan; d´Oliveira Coelho, João; Pascual-Garrido, Alejandra; Kingdon, JonathanIn the tradition of pioneers such as Alexander von Humboldt (1807); Darwin (1839) and Wallace (1869), natural history developed as an integrative framework to understanding processes, relationships, variation, contingency, and patterns in the natural world. These pioneers established biogeography as a foundational natural science. Grounded in prolonged, direct observations, this approach gave rise to field primatology, catalysed by the transformative work of figures like Imanishi (1941); Goodall (1986); Nishida (2011); Washburn (1961) and Strum (2025). Field primatology is thus a direct descendant of classic natural history approaches. Far from being superseded by analytical advances, natural history remains the foundation that gives depth and meaning to primatology, generating the core hypotheses and questions that fuel contemporary evolutionary inquiry (Kingdon 2023).
- The geochronological landscape of Mozambique: absolute dates from archaeological and palaeoenvironmental contextsPublication . Bicho, Nuno; Gomes, Ana; Skosey-LaLonde, Elena; Raja, MussaThis paper presents a systematic review of absolute dating data from Mozambique, drawing on a compiled database of 442 dates from 69 sites. The dataset spans archaeological and palaeoenvironmental contexts and encompasses dates ranging from the present day to close to a half a million years ago, covering the whole of the Holocene and part of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. The most widely used dating method is radiocarbon (AMS and original), followed by luminescence techniques (OSL variants and pIRIR), electron spin resonance (ESR), uranium-series and cosmogenic nuclide dating. More than 250 dates belong to archaeological contexts distributed across four cultural phases — the Ceramic Phase, the Later Stone Age, the Middle Stone Age and the Early Stone Age — while the remaining entries come from palaeoenvironmental contexts. Regionally, the southern provinces of Inhambane, Gaza and Maputo are the most densely sampled, followed by the central region (Zambezia, Tete, Sofala and Manica) and lastly the northern region (Cabo Delgado, Niassa and Nampula). These distributions are discussed in the light of research history and the chronological resolution offered by each method. Significant gaps are identified in the geochronological coverage of Mozambique that call for targeted future investigation.
- The supply of copper to the settlement of Leceia (Portugal) and the Estremadura region during the third millennium BCPublication . Valério, Pedro; Cardoso, João Luis; Alves, Luís C.; Soares, António M. MongeThe Chalcolithic settlement of Leceia (Portugal) has one of the largest collections of copper artefacts and metallurgical debris in the Portuguese Estremadura. However, the absence of ores and smelting remains suggests that local metallurgical operations were related to the production of artefacts. In fact, the metal assemblage includes several fragments of flat axes, most of them with traces of sectioning, which may have been used as ingots. In order to validate this hypothesis and to identify the copper sources used, elemental, microstructural and Pb isotope characterisation of five axe-ingots was undertaken. The assemblage turned out to be composed of copper with varying amounts of arsenic (0.08–2.94 wt%) and oxide inclusions (Cu2O and Cu-As-O). Some inclusions containing distinct contents of Bi, Sb and/or Sn were also identified, indicating the exploitation of different sources of copper ores. Pb isotope ratios displayed a cluster of four samples (206Pb/204Pb: 18.2378–18.3444) and one outlier with low radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb: 17.6625), signatures that compare well with those previously obtained for local artefacts and prills. Euclidean distances identified ore deposits in the Spanish provinces of Huelva and Cordoba as potential suppliers of copper, particularly the supergene copper ores from the mines of Rio Tinto, Cabezadas del Sandino, Preciosa and Quita Pellejo, all of which are located a considerable distance from the settlement of Leceia. Other probable copper sources are located in the mining districts of Linares-La Carolina and Los Pedroches, situated even further away from the Portuguese Estremadura. Consequently, the copper axe-ingots of Leceia, like the previously analysed local artefacts, provide evidence of long-distance trade relations with south-central Iberian Peninsula, which appear to be shared with coeval settlements in Estremadura, such as Vila Nova de São Pedro and Zambujal.
- A millennium of coastside occupation. Micromorphological insights from the indigenous site of Las Estacas Cave, TenerifePublication . García‐Villa, Pedro; Hernández, Cristo M.; Mallol, CarolinaThe archaeological site of Las Estacas Cave (NW Tenerife, Canary Islands) preserves some of the earliest human occupations in Tenerife, dating to the 2nd century CE, spanning the entire pre‐European time range up to the 15th century. Using soil micromorphology, this study applies a geoarchaeological approach to reconstruct site formation processes and human activities through the analysis of 12 thin sections from 9 stratigraphic units, covering most of the sequence. The deposit is largely geogenic and consists of autochthonous basalt fragments, detrital volcanic gravel, and aeolian quartz grains from the Sahara Desert in a spongy clayey matrix characteristic of sodic coastal soils. Aridification evidence in the soil is observed from Unit IV onwards, spanning roughly from the 11th to 15th century. Certain stratigraphic Units (VIII, VII, IV, and II) exhibit increased concentrations of microscopic anthropogenic particles and clear evidence of sedimentary reworking due to trampling. The dominance of geogenic sedimentation and sporadic anthropogenic signals implies episodic use of the cave rather than continuous occupation. The results highlight the interplay between natural depositional processes and human activities in shaping the cave's archaeological record. This study demonstrates the value of microstratigraphic, microcontextual approaches for understanding coastal indigenous sites in Tenerife.
- Early development of Neanderthals revealed through virtual microanatomyPublication . Miszkiewicz, Justyna J.; Godinho, Ricardo Miguel; Sohler-Snoddy, Anne Marie; Pasda, Kerstin; Détroit, Florent; Mahoney, Patrick; Rathgeber, Thomas; Posth, Cosimo; Uthmeier, Thorsten; Barbieri, AlviseThe ontogeny of Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) perinates is poorly understood due to the paucity of juvenile skeletal remains. Here we reconstruct fetal bone growth, and explore deciduous tooth structures, in three Neanderthal juveniles (Sesselfelsgrotte, 1, 2 and 3) (90 000–50 000 years ago) from southeastern Germany using non-invasive microcomputed tomography. Sesselfelsgrotte 1 exhibited bone tissue consistent with modern human perinatal plexiform-like structures and primary osteons. Long bones showed regions of advanced growth compared with the mandible and frontal bone, which can be explained through different processes of ossification and potentially localized faster development in Neanderthals compared with modern humans. Bone microstructure resembles that of the late third trimester of modern humans, agreeing with previous estimates based on macroscopic data. Sesselfelsgrotte 2 and 3 deciduous teeth retain hypodensities deep within the crown dentine consistent with interglobular dentine. We conclude that the fetal bone patterning is similar to modern humans with some areas of advanced growth, indicating that the growth trajectory for this Neanderthal perinate was broadly equivalent to that of modern humans. The abnormal dentine mineralization points towards a possible systemic disorder.
- Investigating medicinal resource combinations in the Bornean orangutan dietPublication . Allen, G.; Freymann, E.; d´Oliveira Coelho, João; Shagara, H.; Shinyo, I.; Panda, A.; Jaya, A.; Hockings, K. J.; Morrogh-Bernard, H. C.Self-medication occurs across diverse taxa, but identifying novel behaviours and medicinal resources remains challenging due to the need for long-term observation, intensive health monitoring, and costly pharmacological analyses. Recent advances in analytical methods have enabled the development of the self-medicative resource combination hypothesis (SMRCH), which proposes that non-human animals may deliberately combine therapeutic resources when ill. This framework has previously been applied to identify non-random dietary combinations in wild chimpanzees. Here, we extend this approach to another great ape by examining dietary combinations in wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), a species with emerging evidence of medicative feeding behaviour, thereby enabling broader comparative insight into medicative feeding across great apes. Using longterm feeding data from a Sebangau peat-swamp forest Central Kalimantan, we analysed patterns of plant use and evaluated their potential medicinal relevance. Our analyses revealed non-random dietary combinations involving plant species with documented ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties. These findings are consistent with the SMRCH, supporting its utility as a framework for identifying non-random dietary associations that may represent candidate self-medicative behaviours in orangutans and other great apes. This research highlights the importance of preserving Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation and global health research.
- Parting ways: pan-homo divergence revisitedPublication . de Oliveira Coelho, João; Anemone, Robert L.; Bobe, René; Carvalho, SusanaThe timing of divergence between hominins and the bonobo-chimpanzee clade has been at the core of palaeoanthropological debate for over a century. The earliest molecular studies indicated divergence times ranging from 5 Ma to as recently as 1.3 Ma. This study critically reviews the trends of time estimates published between 1967 and 2023, and analyses how these are supported or rejected by the current molecular and fossil records. We compiled 202 divergence estimates and defined three distinct thresholds based on fossil evidence at 4.4 Ma (Australopithecus anamensis and Ardipithecus ramidus), 6.2 Ma (Orrorin tugenensis and Ardipithecus kadabba), and 7.2 Ma (Sahelanthropus tchadensis). We then used these thresholds to filter out molecular estimates that are too young to fit the fossil record. Overall, the data suggests a divergence event within the late Miocene, with each threshold pushing it further back, 8.63–6.38, 10.33–7.81, and 10.95–8.81 Ma, respectively. We use a quadratic regression to demonstrate that estimates have been slowly shifting from ~6 Ma to ~8.5 Ma over the past 56 years. A Bayesian meta-analysis of genomic estimates filtered by our most consensual threshold (i.e., assuming Australopithecus belongs to Hominini) indicates that the split must have occurred early in the late Miocene, most likely before 7 Ma (~99.5% posterior probability) with a pooled effect of 8.69–7.28 Ma. We conclude that, despite an initial bias towards younger estimates, the molecular timing for the last common ancestor (LCA) of PanHomo has been progressively approaching the intervals suggested by the current fossil record.
- EVApeCognition: an 18-year dataset of great ape cognition.Publication . Sánchez-Amaro, Alejandro; Ebel van Wijk, Sonja J.; Molenaar, Carin; Abuova, Akzira; Mujica-Manrique, Lizbeth; Leisterer-Peoples, Sarah M.; Beheim, Bret; Maurits, Luke; Albiach-Serrano, Anna; Allritz, Matthias; Altınok, Nazli; Amici, Federica; Auersperg, Alice Mi; Aureli, Filippo; Bandini, Elisa; Barth, Jochen; Benziad, Leïla; Bläsing, Bettina E.; Bohn, Manuel; Bourjade, Marie; Bräuer, Juliane; Broihanne, Marie-Hélène; Brosnan, Sarah F.; Bueno-Guerra, Nereida; Bugnyar, Thomas; Buttelmann, David; Buttelmann, Frances; Cacchione, Trix; Carpenter, Malinda; Colmenares, Fernando; Crockford, Catherine; Cronin, Katherine A.; de Las Heras, África; De Marco, Arianna; DeTroy, Sarah E.; Dufour, Valérie; Duguid, Shona; Dunbar, Robin I. M.; Eckert, Johanna; Engelmann, Jan M.; Fagot, Joel; Fischer, Julia; Forss, Sofia Ingrid Fredrika; Funk, Martina; Gergely, György; Greenberg, Julia R.; Großmann, Johannes; Grüneisen, Sebastian; Halina, Marta; Hanus, Daniel; Heilbronner, Sarah R.; Heintz, Christophe; Hepach, Robert; Herrmann, Esther; Hirata, Satoshi; Hribar, Alenka; Janzen, Gabriele; Kaminski, Juliane; Kanngiesser, Patricia; Kano, Fumihiro; Kirchhofer, Katharina C.; Knofe, Hagen; Kopp, Kathrin S.; Krupenye, Christopher; Laumer, Isabelle Barbara; Levinson, Stephen C.; Liszkowski, Ulf; Manrique, Héctor M.; Martin-Ordas, Gema; McEwen, Emma Suvi; Moore, Richard T.; Munar, Enric; Nadal, Marcos; Nawroth, Christian; Nolte, Suska; Pelé, Marie; Potì, Patrizia; Rakoczy, Hannes; Riedel, Julia; Romain, Amélie; Rossano, Federico; Russell, Yvan I.; Sabbatini, Gloria; Schäfer, Marie; Scheumann, Marina; Schmelz, Martin; Schmid, Benjamin; Schmitt, Vanesa; Sebastián-Enesco, Carla; Seed, Amanda Madeleine; Suda-King, Chikako; Tauzin, Tibor; Tempelmann, Sebastian; Tennie, Claudio; Truppa, Valentina; Uher, Jana; Vaish, Amrisha; J C van Leeuwen, Edwin; Visalberghi, Elisabetta M.; Völter, Christoph J.; Vonau, Victoria; Wascher, Claudia A. F.; Wittig, Roman M.; Wolf, Wouter; Tomasello, Michael; Liebal, Katja; Call, Josep; Haun, Daniel B. M.The study of great ape cognition offers insights into the evolutionary origins of human intelligence, but is hindered by small sample sizes and restricted access to data. To address this, we present the EVApeCognition Dataset, a publicly available resource comprising 262 experimental datasets from 150 scientific publications from the Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center (2004–2021) in Leipzig, Germany. Eighty-one apes participated in 150 studies, with a majority (N = 78) participating in more than one study. Publication of the dataset aims to make these unique datasets accessible for future meta-analyses and correlational analyses, helping us better understand how our great ape relatives think, learn, and behave.
- Unlocking the past: dental calculus as key to understanding ancient health and disease through a one health frameworkPublication . Neves, Dulce; Cristiani, Emanuela; Carvalho, António Manuel Faustino de; Silva, Ana MariaObjective: Ancient dental calculus (DC) serves as a critical biomolecular repository, preserving dietary and extra-dietary residues related to past health and disease. This review examines DC as a potential 'One Paleopathology' resource, highlighting the interconnectedness of past human-animal-environmental health. Through a One Health lens, it critically assesses current research and opportunities for the next 50 years of study. Results: By synthesizing the available literature and the current state of the art, we critically evaluate how DC research bridges paleopathology, bioarchaeology, and modern health sciences, providing a unique lens for assessing health and disease within ecological and evolutionary contexts. We highlight methodological advances and limitations, while identifying critical gaps and opportunities for interdisciplinary integration, standardization, and forward-looking research to expand the field over the next 50 years. Conclusions: DC research effectively integrates paleopathology, bioarchaeology, and modern health sciences enabling the reconstruction of health and disease within ecological and evolutionary contexts and highlights the interdependence of humans, animals, and the environment. Significance: From a One Health perspective, dental calculus analysis provides a long-term perspective on interactions among humans, animals, microbes, and environments, informing past and contemporary health research. Limitations: Interpretation is constrained by preservation biases, variability in analytical methods, and the destructive nature of sampling dental calculus. Further Research: Future investigations should prioritize sustainable sampling, methodological standardization, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Emerging technologies and integrative approaches will place DC research at the forefront of 'One Paleopathology'.