ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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- Was fire use a cultural trait of the Gravettian? New micro-archaeological data from Fuente del Salín cave (Val de San Vicente, Cantabria)Publication . Alzate-Casallas, Guillermo Alfonso; Miguel Angel Sánchez-Carro; Barbieri, Alvise; Manuel R. González-MoralesMicro-archaeological data from sites located in central and eastern Europe show that, in comparison with other Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, Gravettian foragers used fire more intensively and for a wider range of purposes. At these sites, this shift in pyrotechnology overlaps with the onset of periglacial conditions. Gravettian occupations of non-periglacial regions have been poorly investigated with micro-archaeological methods, and it remains to be further demonstrated whether these foragers also made a similar intensive and multipurpose use of fire. To further investigate this topic, we studied the sequence preserved at the cave of Fuente del Salín, in Cantabria, where previous excavations unearthed potential fire residues of Gravettian age. Using micromorphology, µ-X-ray fluorescence, and Scanning Electron Microscopy we reconstructed multiple phases of human visits to the site. Our results show that, during the main Gravettian occupation, foragers made intensive use of fire, as indicated by abundant heated bones and seashells, charcoals, amorphous char, fat-derived char, and in situ remains of potential stacked open hearths as well as burnt grass beddings. The intensive burning, systematic reuse of combustion features, and multiple purposes of the fires at Fuente del Salín are comparable with Gravettian sites from central and eastern Europe, indicating that these fire-use behaviors probably do not reflect a regional adaptation to periglacial environments but a cultural trait of the Gravettian tradition across Europe.
- Ecomorphological analysis of bovid remains from the Plio-Pleistocene hominin-bearing deposit of Unit P at Kromdraai, South AfricaPublication . Sambo, Recognise; Hanon, Raphaël; Steininger, Christine; Zipfel, Bernhard; Braga, José; Linchamps, Pierre; Maringa, NompumeleloThe site of Kromdraai is known for the first discovery of Paranthropus robustus remains. Research conducted at Kromdraai shows its rich fossiliferous deposits, geological complexity and potential to highlight the evolutionary history of Plio-Pleistocene hominin lineages in a dynamic and changing environment. Here, we provide the results of the first application of ecomorphology to bovid postcranial specimens from the newly excavated deposit of Kromdraai Unit P (KW-Unit P). Four anatomical elements of the bovid skeleton were measured and examined as they represent locomotion and substrate interaction: the astragalus and the proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges. Four discriminant function analyses (DFA) were conducted to determine each element's ability to predict habitat affiliation accurately. This was done by comparing the morphologies of the fossil specimens to modern bovids found in broadly defined habitats (open, light cover, heavy cover, and forest). For the modern assemblage, the DFA cross-validation tests correctly returned classifications ranging from 58.8% to 72.0% in a four-habitat system for the four bone elements. Fossil results revealed that bovids from KW-Unit P had varied morphological adaptations to open and light cover habitats (91.7% combined) with few forest (4.7%) and heavy cover (2.3%) adaptations. This indicates that during the deposition of KW-Unit P, the environment was open with savanna grasslands, tall grasses and light bushes. Forest which is a continuous tree canopy and heavy cover environments represented by dense woodlands and bushes were also present to a lesser degree. Overall, KW-Unit P is characterized as a mosaic with more open and light cover habitats indicating open savanna and grasslands, a riparian forest, woodlands and bushes.These reconstructions are consistent with previous palaeoenvironmental interpretations for KW-Unit P and Kromdraai B (KB) as a whole. Since our results are not entirely limited to KW-Unit P, we, therefore, argue that Paranthropus robustus found at Kromdraai thrived in mosaic environmental settings around the time when open habitats were dominant.
- Modern African ecosystems as landscape-scale analogues for reconstructing woody cover and early hominin environmentsPublication . Negash, Enquye W.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Barr, W. Andrew; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Blumenthal, Scott A.; Bobe, René; Carvalho, Susana; Cerling, Thure E.; Chritz, Kendra L.; McGuire, Elizabeth; Uno, Kevin T.; Wood, Bernard; Wynn, Jonathan G.Reconstructing habitat types available to hominins and inferring how the paleo-landscape changed through time are critical steps in testing hypotheses about the selective pressures that drove the emergence of bipedalism, tool use, a change in diet, and progressive encephalization. Change in the amount and distribution of woody vegetation has been suggested as one of the important factors that shaped early hominin evolution. Previous models for reconstructing woody cover at eastern African hominin fossil sites used global-scale modern soil comparative datasets. Our higher-spatial-resolution study of carbon isotopes in soil organic matter is based on 26 modern African locations, ranging from tropical grass-dominated savannas to forests. We used this dataset to generate a new Eastern Africa -specific Woody Cover Model (EAWCM), which indicates that eastern African hominin sites were up to 13% more wooded than reconstructions based on previous models. Reconstructions using the EAWCM indicate widespread woodlands/bushlands and wooded grasslands and a shift toward C4-dominated landscapes in eastern Africa over the last 6 million years. Our results indicate that mixed tree-C4 grass savannas with 10-80% tree cover (but not pure grasslands with <10 % tree cover) dominated early hominin paleoenvironments. Landscapes with these biomes are marked by exceptional heterogeneity, which posed challenges and offered opportunities to early hominins that likely contributed to major behavioral and morphological shifts in the hominin clade. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd.
- Underneath the surface: examining “hidden lesions” with paleoimaging at Moita do Sebastião, Mesolithic Muge, PortugalPublication . Nogueira, Dany Coutinho; Gaspar, Rosa Ramos; Carreiro, Inês; Godinho, Ricardo Miguel; Umbelino, CláudiaDiscovered 160 years ago, the Muge archaeological sites in Portugal yield the most significant documentation of human skeletons from the Mesolithic period in Western Europe (8200-7100 cal B.P.). However, sediment weight has caused significant postmortem alterations that have limited previous studies. Paleoimaging techniques were applied to overcome these limitations and provide previously inaccessible information. Thirteen crania from Moita do Sebasti & atilde;o (one of the Muge shell middens) were CT scanned for virtual reconstruction and morphological analysis. Meticulous examination of 2D and 3D images revealed bone changes not visible to the naked eye and unrelated to postmortem alterations. A comprehensive differential diagnosis was carried out identifying various pathological conditions including epidermoid or dermoid cysts, intraosseous hemangioma, and a possible case of anemia. These "hidden pathologies" offer new insights into the health status of one of Europe's last hunter-gatherer populations.
- Diverse prehistoric cattle husbandry strategies in the forests of Central Europe.Publication . Gillis, Rosalind; Kendall, Iain P; Roffet-Salque, Mélanie; Zanon, Marco; Anders, Alexandra; Arbogast, Rose-Marie; Bogucki, Peter; Brychova, Veronika; Casanova, Emmanuelle; Classen, Erich; Csengeri, Piroska; Czerniak, Lech; Domboróczki, László; Fiorillo, Denis; Gronenborn, Detlef; Hachem, Lamys; Jakucs, János; Ilett, Michael; Lyublyanovics, Kyra; Lenneis, Eva; Marciniak, Arkadiusz; Marton, Tibor; Oross, Krisztián; Pavúk, Juraj; Pechtl, Joachim; Pyzel, Joanna; Stadler, Peter; Stäuble, Harald; Vostrovská, Ivana; van Wijk, Ivo; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Balasse, Marie; Evershed, Richard PDuring the sixth millennium bce, the first farmers of Central Europe rapidly expanded across a varied mosaic of forested environments. Such environments would have offered important sources of mineral-rich animal feed and shelter, prompting the question: to what extent did early farmers exploit forests to raise their herds? Here, to resolve this, we have assembled multi-regional datasets, comprising bulk and compound-specific stable isotope values from zooarchaeological remains and pottery, and conducted cross-correlation analyses within a palaeo-environmental framework. Our findings reveal a diversity of pasturing strategies for cattle employed by early farmers, with a notable emphasis on intensive utilization of forests for grazing and seasonal foddering in some regions. This experimentation with forest-based animal feeds by early farmers would have enhanced animal fertility and milk yields for human consumption, concurrently contributing to the expansion of prehistoric farming settlements and the transformation of forest ecosystems. Our study emphasizes the intricate relationship that existed between early farmers and forested landscapes, shedding light on the adaptive dynamics that shaped humans, animals and environments in the past. Stable isotope analysis of zooarchaeological remains and pottery in a palaeo-environmental framework reveals that early Central European farmers utilized diverse regional pasturing strategies for cattle, including the use of forested environments for grazing and seasonal foddering.
- To date or not to date? A comparison of different 14C pretreatment methods applied to archeological marine shells from Vale Boi (Portugal)Publication . Paleček, Dragana; Falini, Giuseppe; Wacker, Lukas; Mannino, Marcello A.; Bicho, Nuno; Talamo, Sahra; Rombolà, Alessandro G.; Fabbri, Daniele; Cascalheira, JoãoMollusk shells are often found in archeological sites, given their great preservation potential and high value as a multipurpose resource, and they can often be the only available materials useful for radiocarbon (14C) dating. However, dates obtained from shells are often regarded as less reliable compared to those from bones, wood, or charcoals due to different factors (e.g., Isotope fractionation, reservoir effects etc.). The standard acid etching pretreatment for mollusk shells is the most used in many 14C laboratories, although another protocol known as CarDS (Carbonate Density Separation) was introduced just over a decade ago. We compare these two methods with two newly proposed methods for intracellular organic matrix extraction. We applied all four methods to samples selected from different archeological layers of the well-known Upper Paleolithic site of Vale Boi, rich in mollusk specimens throughout the stratigraphic sequence. Here we compare our results to previous dates to determine which of these pretreatment methods results in the most reliable 14C dates. Based on the results of this study, all four methods gave inconsistent ages compared to previous dates and the stratigraphic attribution.
- Morphological study of the bony labyrinth of the last hunter‐gatherers in Portugal: insights from the Moita do Sebastião shell middenPublication . Arbona, Marina Pujol; Umbelino, Cláudia; Coutinho‐Nogueira, DanyThe bony labyrinth is often studied in paleoanthropology for the taxonomic identification of hominins with a special focus on the differentiation between Neanderthals and modern humans. Although the variability of Pleistocene populations is now well studied, the variability of Early and Middle Holocene modern human hunter-gatherers is still poorly known. Thus, this study focuses on the analysis of the bony labyrinth morphology of nine Late Mesolithic individuals from Moita do Sebasti & atilde;o in the Tagus Valley (Portugal). The results show a significant intra-site variability in the Middle Holocene sample, confirming previous studies on the variability of early modern humans. The analysis also revealed morphological differences in the inner ear structures between European individuals associated with an Upper Paleolithic context (Gravettian) from the V & eacute;z & egrave;re Valley and the Mesolithic individuals from Moita do Sebasti & atilde;o. Interestingly, the only Late Pleistocene individual from Portugal shows some similarities with the Middle Holocene ones, posing the possibility of an eventual local biological continuity.
- New fossil Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from Kromdraai Unit P, South Africa and their implication for biochronology and hominin palaeoecologyPublication . Hanon, Raphaël; Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste; Sambo, Recognise; Maringa, Nompumelelo; Steininger, Christine; Zipfel, Bernhard; Braga, JoséKromdraai is a Plio-Pleistocene site located in the Cradle of Humankind (Gauteng Province, South Africa). It has produced diverse and abundant faunal assemblages and key hominin specimens like the holotype of Paranthropus robustus and early Homo. We provide the first taxonomic study of the Bovidae Family from the hominin-bearing Unit P at Kromdraai and discuss its potential to unravel its paleoecological context. We describe the presence of an unknown medium-sized buffalo (Syncerus sp.) that could be closely related to S. acoelotus. The bovid assemblage from Kromdraai Unit P combines older Plio-Pleistocene (Gazella gracilior, Makapania broomi, Numidocapra cf. porrocornutus) and younger Pleistocene taxa (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Oreotragus oreotragus, Raphicerus campestris, Damaliscus lunatus). Overall, these bovid species indicate a grassland-dominated environment for Unit P. Comparisons with other Plio-Pleistocene South African sites indicate that Australopithecus was associated with woodland and closed-wet environment-adapted taxa, whereas Homo was found in association with bovid species adapted to open and dry environments. In contrast, the assemblages associated with Paranthropus show an extensive range of environmental adaptation among the bovids. The biochronology indicates that Kromdraai Unit P accumulated between 2.9 and 1.8 Ma. If Kromdraai Unit P were to be confirmed to date to the older end of this scale, it would provide the earliest appearance of Paranthropus robustus, Numidocapra, and Damaliscus in southern Africa.
- Fire use and waste management in an Iberian iron age village: geoarchaeological insights into midden formation processesPublication . Tomé, Laura; Iriarte, Eneko; Blanco-González, Antonio; Fernández-Palacios, Enrique; Martín-Seijo, María; Carrancho, Ángel; Herrera-Herrera, Antonio V.; Mallol, CarolinaMiddens, commonly found in archaeological sites across different chronologies, serve as rich sedimentary archives of daily life by capturing the refuse and discarded artifacts of past human groups. This study focuses on the midden deposits of the Early Iron Age settlement site of Cerro de San Vicente (Central Iberia). We applied a high- resolution, microcontextual geoarchaeological approach, integrating soil micromorphology -including phytolith and charcoal analyses on thin sections-, sedimentary lipid biomarker analysis, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), XRay diffraction (XRD) and magnetic properties analysis to investigate the formation processes and past functionality of the site's midden deposits. Our findings reveal that the targeted sequences are primarily composed of wood ash and charred plant refuse, as well as trampled and disintegrated earth-based construction materials. These deposits are interpreted as the result of multiple hearth rake-out events, maintenance and construction activities, and possible spatially-related communal storage practices within the village. Stratigraphic connections between deposits from inside and outside the dwellings are proposed, linking the middens to an intermediate phase (ca. 600 BCE) of the village's history. These results offer relevant insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of refuse disposal, maintenance practices and space use at Cerro de San Vicente, highlighting the value of microcontextual geoarchaeological methods in unveiling domestic practices. This study contributes to enhancing our understanding of Early Iron Age socio-cultural and daily life practices in Central Iberia.
- Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in EurasiaPublication . Librado, Pablo; Tressières, Gaetan; Chauvey, Lorelei; Fages, Antoine; Khan, Naveed; Schiavinato, Stéphanie; Calvière-Tonasso, Laure; Kusliy, Mariya A; Gaunitz, Charleen; Liu, Xuexue; Wagner, Stefanie; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Perdereau, Aude; Aury, Jean-Marc; Southon, John; Shapiro, Beth; Bouchez, Olivier; Donnadieu, Cécile; Collin, Yvette Running Horse; Gregersen, Kristian M; Jessen, Mads Dengsø; Christensen, Kirsten; Claudi-Hansen, Lone; Pruvost, Mélanie; Pucher, Erich; Vulic, Hrvoje; Novak, Mario; Rimpf, Andrea; Turk, Peter; Reiter, Simone; Brem, Gottfried; Schwall, Christoph; Barrey, Éric; Robert, Céline; Degueurce, Christophe; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Klassen, Lutz; Rasmussen, Uffe; Kveiborg, Jacob; Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær; Makowiecki, Daniel; Makarowicz, Przemysław; Szeliga, Marcin; Ilchyshyn, Vasyl; Rud, Vitalii; Romaniszyn, Jan; Mullin, Victoria E; Verdugo, Marta; Bradley, Daniel G; Valente, Maria J; Telles Antunes, Miguel; Ameen, Carly; Thomas, Richard; Ludwig, Arne; Marzullo, Matilde; Prato, Ornella; Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna; Tecchiati, Umberto; Granado, José; Schlumbaum, Angela; Deschler-Erb, Sabine; Mráz, Monika Schernig; Boulbes, Nicolas; Gardeisen, Armelle; Mayer, Christian; Döhle, Hans-Jürgen; Vicze, Magdolna; Kosintsev, Pavel A; Kyselý, René; Peške, Lubomír; O'Connor, Terry; Ananyevskaya, Elina; Shevnina, Irina; Logvin, Andrey; Kovalev, Alexey A; Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir; Sablin, Mikhail V; Dashkovskiy, Petr K; Graphodatsky, Alexander S; Merts, Ilia; Merts, Viktor; Kasparov, Aleksei K; Pitulko, Vladimir V; Onar, Vedat; Öztan, Aliye; Arbuckle, Benjamin S; McColl, Hugh; Renaud, Gabriel; Khaskhanov, Ruslan; Demidenko, Sergey; Kadieva, Anna; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Sundqvist, Marie; Lindgren, Gabriella; López-Cachero, F Javier; Albizuri, Silvia; Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana; Rapan Papeša, Anita; Burić, Marcel; Rajić Šikanjić, Petra; Weinstock, Jaco; Asensio Vilaró, David; Codina, Ferran; García Dalmau, Cristina; Morer de Llorens, Jordi; Pou, Josep; de Prado, Gabriel; Sanmartí, Joan; Kallala, Nabil; Torres, Joan Ramon; Maraoui-Telmini, Bouthéina; Belarte Franco, Maria-Carme; Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia; Zazzo, Antoine; Lepetz, Sébastien; Duchesne, Sylvie; Alexeev, Anatoly; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Houle, Jean-Luc; Bayarkhuu, Noost; Turbat, Tsagaan; Crubézy, Éric; Shingiray, Irina; Mashkour, Marjan; Berezina, Natalia Ya; Korobov, Dmitriy S; Belinskiy, Andrey; Kalmykov, Alexey; Demoule, Jean-Paul; Reinhold, Sabine; Hansen, Svend; Wallner, Barbara; Roslyakova, Natalia; Kuznetsov, Pavel F; Tishkin, Alexey A; Wincker, Patrick; Kanne, Katherine; Outram, Alan; Orlando, Ludovic; Cardoso, João LuisHorses revolutionized human history with fast mobility. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.