ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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- West side story: regional inter‐troop variation in baboon bark‐stripping at gorongosa national park, MozambiquePublication . Biro, Dora; Muschinski, Jana; Hammond, Philippa; Bobe, René; Bamford, Marion K.; Capelli, Cristian; de Oliveira Coelho, João; Farassi, Rassina; Lüdecke, Tina; Martinez, Felipe I.; Silva, Maria Joana Ferreira; Carvalho, Susana; Mathe, JacintoObjectives: Baboons possess sophisticated physical and social cognitive abilities; hence, the lack of evidence to date of largescale behavioral variation in these primates is puzzling. Here we studied a candidate for such variation—the stripping of bark from Acacia robusta trees for consumption of the sap and soft tissue underneath—in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. Materials and Methods: We surveyed an area inhabited by ~60 troops of chacma baboons, recording the availability and characteristics of the target trees, as well as the presence or absence of bark-stripping at 45 habitat plots distributed across a grid covering an area of ~300km2. Results: Camera traps confirmed the presence of baboons at all habitat plots, and we identified regional clumping in the distribution of the behavior, a pattern consistent across two consecutive years. Proportion and mean height/width of A. robusta did not predict whether bark-stripping behavior was present at a given site, nor did broader ecological variables such as habitat type and distance to the nearest water source. However, stripping sites had significantly higher numbers of A. robusta than non-stripping sites, and within a given bark-stripping site, baboons preferred to strip taller and wider trees among those available. Discussion: The prominent geographical clustering we uncovered may have been driven by opportunity (i.e., the prevalence of A. robusta at a given site), but is also consistent with a possible (non-mutually exclusive) cultural interpretation. We propose avenues for future research on Gorongosa's baboons to better quantify the relative contributions of ecology, genetics, and social.
- Self-directed and prosocial wound care, snare removal, and hygiene behaviors amongst the Budongo chimpanzeesPublication . Freymann, Elodie; Hobaiter, Catherine; Huffman, Michael Alan; Klein, Harmonie; Muhumuza, Geresomu; Reynolds, Vernon; Slania, Nora E.; Soldati, Adrian; Yikii, Eguma Robert; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Carvalho, SusanaUnderstanding the cognitive and social foundations of healthcare behaviors in humans requires examining their evolutionary precursors in our closest living relatives. Investigating self-directed and other-directed healthcare in chimpanzees provides crucial insights into the origins of medicinal knowledge, identification of specific medicinal resources used for health maintenance, and the emergence of prosocial healthcare capacities. Here we document and analyze both previously reported and newly observed instances of selfdirected and other-directed wound care, snare removal, and putatively medicinal hygiene behaviors in the Sonso and Waibira chimpanzee communities of the Budongo Forest in Uganda. Reports of these behaviors come from archival records collected from over thirty years of observation at the Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS), videos recorded by researchers at the site, and all-occurrence behavioral data collected over two 4-month periods of direct observation. We describe self-directed wound care behaviors such as wound licking, leaf-dabbing, pressing fingers to wounds, and the application of chewed plant material to wounds, as well as a successful self-directed snare removal. We also document self-directed hygiene behaviors including postcoital genital leaf wiping and post-defecation leaf wiping.
- Sex-mediated gene flow in grayfoot chacma baboons (Papio ursinus griseipes) in Gorongosa National Park, MozambiquePublication . Silva, Maria Joana Ferreira da; Tralma, Paula; Colmonero-Costeira, Ivo; Cravo-Mota, Mariana; Farassi, Rassina; Hammond, Philippa; Lewis-Bevan, Lynn; Bamford, Marion K.; Biro, Dora; Lüdecke, Tina; Mathe, Jacinto; Bobe, René; Capelli, Cristian; Martínez, Felipe I.; Carvalho, SusanaDispersal behavior influences gene flow and the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, which is crucial for a species' evolutionary trajectory and population persistence under environmental changes. We used gene flow as a proxy to investigate dispersal patterns in the grayfoot chacma baboon (Papio ursinus griseipes) in Gorongosa National Park (GNP), central Mozambique. The baboons inhabit a mosaic landscape with a seasonally variable environment. Thirty-two years ago, GNP was the epicenter of a major war that severely reduced apex predators, resulting in limited mammalian predation on baboons. We aimed to characterize genetic diversity, examine the extent and direction of sex-biased gene flow at different time frames and investigate changes in population size and recent migration events. We collected 121 non-invasive DNA samples and analyzed uni- and bi-parentally inherited markers, comprising mitochondrial DNA, autosomal and Y-linked microsatellites, at two geographic locations (GNP and Catap & uacute; Forest Reserve) 150 km apart. We observed high genetic diversity and no evidence of a recent population decline. We identified six mitochondrial haplotypes, including a genetically distinct one in Catapu Forest Reserve. We found molecular evidence for historical and current male-mediated gene flow and female philopatry. Our results highlight the resilience of dispersal patterns in Papio sp. in diverse and seasonally variable ecosystems which have been disturbed by anthropogenic activities.
- A new diatom species from a transitional environment (Arade river estuary, Portugal): Tetramphora witkowskii sp. nov.Publication . Gomes, Ana; Hamilton, Paul Brian; Solak, Cüneyt Nadir; Boski, Tomasz; Moura, Delminda; Ertorun, Nesil; Yedidağ, FerhanDue to the environmental complexity created by physical and chemical gradients, transitional biomes host a large biological diversity. There has been some effort to better understand the diversity of diatoms living in these transitional environments, although many diatom species remain undescribed from these habitats. Gathering this knowledge will significantly improve our ability to halt biodiversity loss due to anthropogenic activities and assess individual water bodies' ecological status. More detailed studies on diatoms from transitional environments will also further enhance the research that uses them as proxies to reconstruct past environmental changes. The current research documents a new diatom species from the genus Tetramphora, found on the saltmarshes of the Arade River Estuary (Southern Portugal), and its autecology. As with the other twelve recognised species of the genus, Tetramphora witkowskii sp. nov. presents an asymmetrical valve outline, a biarcuate raphe system, slit like areolae, axial costae, a central hyaline area, and a dorsal central thickening. Tetramphora witkowskii sp. nov. is characterised by having finely silicified valves with a nearly flat face, 28.0-33.0 mu m in length and 6.0-6.5 mu m in width. The new species has a stria density of 24-27 in 10 mu m with narrow, longitudinally oriented areola openings. It presents proximal raphe endings covered by a projected dorsal-side flap and a developed sternum with thickened costae, weakly formed on the dorsal side of the central area. Tetramphora witkowskii sp. nov. was found as a benthic epipelic diatom with a preference for brackish to salt water with circumneutral pH. Further research is required to better understand this species' colony and frustule shape, the number, morphology, and position of the chloroplasts, genetic signature, geographical distribution, and environmental tolerance.
- The origins and spread of the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) revealed by genomics and seed morphometricsPublication . Machado, Rui; Bonhomme, Vincent; Soteras, Raül; Jeanty, Angele; Bouby, Laurent; Evin, Allowen; Fernandes Martins, Maria João; Gonçalves, Sandra; Antolín, Ferran; Salavert, Aurélie; Oliveira, HugoThe opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the most important plants in human history. It is the main source of opiates used as analgesic medicines or psychotropic drugs, the latter related to addiction problems, illegal trafficking and geopolitical issues. Poppyseed is also used in cooking. The prehistoric origins, domestication and cultivation spread of the opium poppy remain unresolved. Traditionally, Papaver setigerum has been considered the wild ancestor with early cultivation presumed to have occurred in the Western Mediterranean region, where setigerum is autochthonous. Other theories suggest that somniferum may have been introduced by Southwest Asian early farmers as a weed. To investigate these hypotheses, we analysed 190 accessions from 15 Papaver species using genotype-by-sequencing and geometric morphometric (GMM) techniques. Our analysis revealed that setigerum is the only taxa genetically close to somniferum and can be better described as a subspecies. The domesticated plants are, however, distinct from setigerum. Additionally, GMM analysis of seeds also revealed morphological differences between setigerum and somniferum. Some phenotypically wild setigerum accessions exhibited intermediate genetic features, suggesting introgression events. Two major populations were found in somniferum and, to some extent, these correspond to differences in seed form. These two populations may reflect recent attempts to breed varieties rich in opiates, as opposed to varieties used for poppyseed production. This study supports the idea that opium poppy cultivation began in the Western Mediterranean, with setigerum as the wild progenitor, although some wild varieties are likely to be feral forms, which can confound domestication studies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Unravelling domestication: multi-disciplinary perspectives on human and non-human relationships in the past, present and future'.
- Unravelling the formation processes and depositional histories of the middle palaeolithic Ararat-1 cave, Armenia: a multiscalar and multiproxy geoarchaeological approachPublication . Oikonomou, Ioannis A.K.; Karampaglidis, Theodoros; Fenn, Kaja; Gur-Arieh, Shira; Cabrita Nora, David André; Sánchez-Romero, Laura; Rogall, Dominik L.; Vettese, Delphine; Gasparyan, Boris; Petrosyan, Artur; Malinsky-Buller, ArielThe sedimentary sequence of Ararat-1 Cave encapsulates an intricate depositional archive (Marine Isotope Stage 3), crucial for our understanding of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Armenian Highlands and beyond. The study of this record is accomplished through the use of a multi-proxy geoarchaeological framework of analysis, incor porating stratigraphical, micromorphological, sedimentological, mineralogical, chemical, magnetic, micro archaeological and geochronological methods. These analyses demonstrate the predominance of geogenic pro cesses, including rockfalls, grain and debris flows, interbedded with aeolian sedimentation, as well as localised pyroclastic material in-wash events. Post-depositional alterations are primarily linked to intense bioturbation, as well as minimal karst-induced cementation and minor phosphate diagenesis. The study of the anthropogenic and biogenic records indicates dynamic human-animal habitation histories. Human visits, associated with combus tion and consumption activities, were infrequent and short-lived, representing brief occupation episodes in a cave habitually visited by carnivores and herbivores. This high-resolution reconstruction of Ararat-1 Cave for mation histories improves our understanding of regional settlement and mobility patterns, highlighting the presence of Middle Palaeolithic groups that temporarily camped in the Ararat Depression.
- Unravelling domestication: introduction to the theme issuePublication . Gillis, Rosalind; Corso, Marta Dal; Oliveira, Hugo; Spengler, Robert N.The domestication of plants and animals is considered one of the key milestones of cultural evolution, on a par with the use of lithic technology and mastery of fire. Domesticated species are—and have been—fundamental to the growth and economic success of human societies. Millennia of herding and agricultural intensification have caused irreversible changes to natural environments, while the ability to accrue and control food surpluses has been linked with the development of complex societies as well as the exacerbation of socioeconomic inequalities. From the mid-Holocene onwards, domesticated plants and animals became integral to the maintenance of human populations and their social orders across a range of contrasting environments. In a few cases, this form of economic production stretches back to the Pleistocene–Hol ocene transition. The intensification of agricultural systems has led to a series of demographic expansion waves that traversed the globe, and ultimately resulted in the congregation of densely clustered populations [1,2].
- Seeking consensus on the domestication conceptPublication . Spengler, Robert N.; Tang, Li; Corso, Marta Dal; Gillis, Rosalind Emma; Oliveira, Hugo; Makhamad, Basira MirThe domestication of plants and animals permitted the development of cities and social hierarchies, as well as fostering cultural changes that ultimately led humanity into the modern world. Despite the importance of this set of related evolutionary phenomena, scholars have not reached a consensus on what the earliest steps in the domestication process looked like, how long the seminal portions of the process took to unfold, or whether humans played a conscious role in parts or all of it. Likewise, many scholars find it difficult to disentangle the cultural processes of cultivation from the biological processes of domestication. Over the past decade, the prevailing views among scholars have begun to shift towards unconscious and protracted models of early domestication; however, the nomenclature used to discuss these changes has been stagnant. Discussions of early domestication remain bound up in prevailing definitions and preconceived ideas of what the process looked like. In this paper, we seek to break down definitions of domestication and to construct a definition that serves equal utility regardless of the views that researchers hold about the process. This article is part of the theme issue 'Unravelling domestication: multi-disciplinary perspectives on human and non-human relationships in the past, present and future'.
- The genomics of t’ef and finger millet domestication and spreadPublication . Mekonnen, Degsew; Gomes, Ana; Machado, Rui; Oliveira, HugoThe Northern Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea (NHE) were a centre for food production in Africa, hosting one of the earliest agriculture-based complex societies on the continent. The NHE's geographical connections with the Arabian Peninsula, and Nilotic cultures led to the cultivation of southwest Asian crops and African native domesticates in its territory. Additionally, the NHE were also the domestication centre for crops like t'ef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn L.), after well-adapted local wild plants. Considering the paucity of the archaeobotanical record in the region and food remains' preservation issues, in this study, we aim to investigate the domestication and spread of t'ef and finger millet using genomics and interpreting the results in the light of archaeological proxies. Our data confirmed Eragrostis pilosa and Eleusine coracana subsp. africana as the sole wild progenitors of t'ef and finger millet, respectively. T'ef was initially domesticated in the NHE before spreading into southern Ethiopia and eastwards into southern Arabia. Finger millet spread followed two routes: one leading eastwards through the Red Sea to India, and the other southwards, through Kenya and Uganda, reaching southern Africa.This article is part of the theme issue 'Unravelling domestication: multi-disciplinary perspectives on human and non-human relationships in the past, present and future'.
- Reconstructing hammerstone size flake by flake: an experimental approachPublication . Li, Li; McPherron, ShannonUnderstanding force application in flake production is essential for reconstructing hominin behaviour, technological advancements and biomechanics. Extensive research has examined stone tool production, focusing on the intended material outcomes such as the cores, tools and flakes. Analyzing force application in this process requires knowledge of hammerstone selection and use. Despite progress made in understanding hammerstone selection and use, linking specific knapping outcomes to hammerstone use remains challenging. This difficulty stems from the complex relationship between fracture mechanics and material signatures in lithic artifacts. Key variables related to hammerstone use and their influence on flaking outcomes remain poorly understood. We draw on fracture mechanics to explore factors driving flake ring crack size-the circular region where the Hertzian cone, a feature of conchoidal flaking, intersects with the platform. Our experiment systematically examines how hammerstone size, velocity and strike angle-factors influencing strike force-affect ring crack and flake size under controlled conditions. We validate our findings with previously reported controlled and replicative experiments. Results show that flake ring crack size can estimate hammerstone size. Our findings mean that we can reconstruct the flaking process and particularly variability in the application of force at a level of detail previously unavailable.