ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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- Chert procurement for inferring Neanderthal mobility in central western IberiaPublication . Pereira, Telmo; Abrunhosa, Ana; Alves, Eduardo; Carvalho, Milena; Haws, Jonathan; Benedetti, Michael; Paixão, Eduardo; Alves, LuísLithic raw material sourcing is one of the most effective approaches for inferring exploitation territories during the Palaeolithic, including for Neanderthals. Certain raw materials, particularly chert, are especially well suited to this type of investigation because the distinctive characteristics of each geological source can be reliably identified through a combination of macroscopic observation, low-magnification analysis, and geochemical methods. With that in mind we questioned if chert sourcing would allow identification of territorial patterns for the Neanderthal populations of central Portugal, in western-most Iberia. To answer that question, we conducted an exploratory study comparing archaeological cherts from Gruta Nova da Columbeira, Praia Rei Cortiço and Mira Nascente with geological samples from nearby sources using macroscopic, low-magnification PIXE and pXRF analysis. Our results showed similarities between archaeological and geological cherts proving that the sites, sources and analytical protocols used were viable for such investigation and, therefore, can be developed and refined in the future. They also showed that correspondences between geological and archaeological cherts are limited to the area between the coast and the western façade of the first mountain ridge (Serra d’Áire e Candeeiros) to the east, and between the Cesaredas Plateau to the south and the River Lis to the north. This territory is adjacent to the area already delimited by chert sourcing and isotopic analysis for the Neanderthals that occupied Oliveira Cave, located at the southeastern façade of the same mountain range. This contributes to a better understanding of Neanderthal territorial patterns, which is particularly important in regions where research is underdeveloped and where identifying other patterns of variability, particularly across time, has proven difficult.
- Network analysis highlights socio-demographic patterns of stone tool-using primatesPublication . Gwennan T. L. Giraud; O’Malley, Theo D. R.; Reeves, Jonathan S.; Tan, Amanda; Sosa, Sebastian; Malaivijitnond, Suchinda; Luncz, Lydia V.While the nutritional benefits and social learning of tool use in primates have been widely studied, far less is known about how tool use is associated with social life. We investigated the social aspects of tool use in a hybrid population of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea × M. f. fascicularis) on Koram Island, Thailand, comprising both stone tool users and non-users. To assess potential socio-demographic patterns, we examined whether tool use differed between sexes and whether it was related to variation in dominance rank. Using social network analyses, we assessed whether tool users differed in their associations outside foraging contexts by analyzing their grooming interactions and positions within the grooming network. Males were more likely to use tools than females, whereas rank was unrelated to tool use. Tool users and non-users showed similar social connectivity, grooming rates, and numbers of grooming partners. However, grooming networks indicated that non-tool users preferentially associated with other non-users, whereas tool users showed no affiliative bias. By integrating individual characteristics with social network data, this study provides insight into how tool-use behavior integrates into primate social systems, particularly in populations with substantial variation in technological behavior.
- Taphonomic signatures on small prey remains from Teixoneres cave (Barcelona, Spain, sub-unit IIIb): disentangling human and carnivore activityPublication . Alonso, Goizane; Rufà, Anna; Rivals, Florent; Rosell, Jordi; Blasco, RuthThe interaction between Neanderthals and their environment has long been a subject of interest. In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the hunting and processing by Middle Paleolithic human groups. The exploitation of resources provided by small animals, such as leporids and birds, is considered an important aspect for understanding the complex relationships between these hominins and the surrounding environment. For this reason, numerous studies have focused on identifying anthropogenic patterns related to small game processing. However, human groups are not the only contributors to bone accumulations, as mammalian carnivores and birds of prey are also common predators of small animals. In this work, the avian and leporid assemblage from sub-unit IIIb of Teixoneres Cave (northeastern Iberian Peninsula) was analysed. The results indicate a mixed contribution of non-human agents, probably red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and eagle owl (Bubo bubo), together with human activity. Carnivore damage was identified through mechanical modifications and digestive modifications and is quantitatively more significant than the anthropogenic evidence, which is mainly represented by cut marks and burnt bones. Although most burnt bones appear to result from waste-cleaning activities or accidental exposure to fire, cooking activities cannot be ruled out. The exploitation of small prey by Neanderthals and their use of fire are undoubtedly important topics that deserve further investigation. Future research will help to clarify these issues and expand our understanding of the implications of small game exploitation for dietary diversification and the hunting strategies employed by Neanderthal groups.
- Seasonal-to-interannual hydroclimatic variability in Afromontane environments during the late Early Pleistocene hominin occupations on the Southeastern Ethiopian HighlandsPublication . Briatico, Giuseppe; Hartman, Gideon; Gossa, Tegenu; Asrat, Asfawossen; Hailu, Haregwin; Ketema, Natnael; Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Niespolo, Elizabeth M.; Renne, Paul R.; Resom, Angesom; Hovers, ErellaClimate variability is a key factor influencing the distribution and adaptive response of mammalian species, including hominins. Here, we investigate seasonal and interannual hydroclimatic and environmental variability associated with the late Early Pleistocene hominin occupations on the Southeastern Ethiopian Highlands. We present stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of sequentially sampled tooth enamel from herbivores recovered from the archaeological contexts of Melka Wakena and Gadeb (2300–2400 m a.s.l.) and dated between 1.6 and ~ 1.0 Ma. Carbon isotope data indicate predominantly C4 and mixed C3–C4 diets, consistent with mosaic vegetation as part of the Dry evergreen Afromontane Forest and grassland complex (DAF). Intra-tooth oxygen isotope profiles suggest seasonal variability and interannual fluctuations in water balance, reflecting changes in precipitation, evaporation, and local hydrology. Although the temporal resolution of individual tooth records precludes identification of specific climatic drivers, the isotopic data document recurring hydroclimatic variability within high-elevation environments characterized by broadly comparable ecological conditions. Herbivore diets show limited long-term change, suggesting sustained resource availability across seasons and over hundreds of thousands of years. These results indicate that the Ethiopian Highlands repeatedly supported mammalian communities and recurrent Acheulean hominin occupations during the late Early Pleistocene, providing sustained access to water and vegetation resources within an Afromontane environmental framework.
- Social cues on stone tools outweigh raw material properties in wild primatesPublication . Malsburg, Johanna Henke-von der; Reeves, Jonathan S.; Proffitt, Tomos; Falótico, Tiago; Rufo, Henrique; Luncz, Lydia V.Tool use is known among many taxa but its frequency in the animal kingdom is rare. The socio-ecological conditions through which tool use is acquired, transmitted and maintained are the subject of extensive study. Understanding these dynamics offers valuable insight into the evolution of tool use in our species. A fundamental requirement of tool use is the ability to select materials suitable for a given task. In extant primates, material selection is influenced by social and ecological factors; their relative roles, however, remain difficult to disentangle. We present an experimental approach to examine the factors influencing tool selection in robust capuchin monkeys. We provided two naturally tool-using populations with nut-cracking tasks that varied in the material properties of stones and visual evidence of previous use. When presented with unused stones, both populations persistently selected tools based on their material properties. When stones showed signs of previous use, they preferably selected those regardless of material properties. These findings suggest that capuchin monkeys can assess raw material properties but prioritize tools that exhibit evidence of previous nut-cracking activities, indicating that tool selection is shaped by indirect social cues and highlighting the importance of culturally transmitted information in the development of technological skill.
- The Omo-Turkana Basin fossil record as a milestone toward a comprehensive database of the hominin fossil record onlinePublication . Reed, Denné; Marchal, François; Coco, Emily; Prat, SandrineA comprehensive and accurate database of the human fossil record is a necessity for synthetic understanding of hominin biological and behavioral evolution, yet it has remained an elusive goal for decades. This paper presents a conceptual framework for an online database of the human fossil record, called Origins, and an implementation of that framework for the 1200+ hominin fossils of the Omo-Turkana Basin of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. The Omo-Turkana Basin is one of the largest and most significant hominin fossil assemblages in Africa and marks the first major milestone in developing a comprehensive database for the entire hominin fossil record globally. We discuss the theoretical foundation underlying the conceptual model used for Origins, the technical details for the establishment and utilization of Origins, and the roadmap for future and ongoing development of this resource.
- Bone retouchers and end-scrapers side by side at bushman rock shelter: exploring a ca. 100,000-year-old technological imbrication in southern AfricaPublication . Val, Aurore; Tribolo, Chantal; Schmid, Viola C.; Igreja, Marina; Texier, Pierre-Jean; Mercier, Norbert; Galy, Asmodée; Pécheyran, Christophe; Barbotin, Gaëlle; Porraz, GuillaumeA growing body of archaeological data points towards distinct cultural innovations during Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 5 in Africa. At Bushman Rock Shelter in South Africa, we described previously a large corpus of end-scrapers that constitute a technological novelty in the context of MIS 5 developments. Here, we describe 25 bones with impressions collected from the same deposits. Middle Stone Age layers at the site represent a succession of distinct technological phases, but the bones with impressions are strictly associated with one of them only, characterised by the presence of end-scrapers. Our refined optically stimulated luminescence and U-series chronology, presented here, dates securely this technological association to 103 ± 3 ka. Amongst the bones with impressions, there is a marked preference for the diaphyses of large ungulate long bones. Scraping marks linked to periosteum removal and evidence of fresh breakage indicate the use of bones while still fresh. Macro- and microscopic characteristics of the used areas confirm that the bones were used during percussive activities. The orientation of the bone surface modifications indicates repeated, similar technological gestures. We propose that these bones with impressions are bone retouchers that were fully integrated into the production of the end-scrapers and that they document a clear technological imbrication between the processing of animal resources and the manufacture and use of stone tools. We argue that the use of bones in lithic retouching or resharpening activities represents a critical step in the technological process that led to the exploitation of bone as a versatile raw material by hunter-gatherers.
- Coastline evolution, submerged landscape, and island occupation: preliminary insight on pleistocene-holocene coastal environments of south-eastern SicilyPublication . Ogloblin Ramirez, Isaac; Galili, Ehud; Tryon, Christian A.; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Zaia, Sara E.; Carroll, Peyton; Niespolo, Elizabeth M.; Gilmore, Lauren D.; Mauro, Sebastiano Di; Portella, Fabio; Minniti, Gianmarco; Monaco, Carmelo; Gonzalez, Nicholas Andrés; Insacco, Gianni; Patania, IlariaSicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean and the closest to mainland Europe, holds some of the earliest uncontroversial evidence in the region of sustained island occupation by humans, dating back to ~16.5 thousand years ago (ka). Using archival studies as well as dive-based and coastal fieldwork, this study provides initial insights into the diversity of submerged and coastal Pleistocene–Holocene landscapes off and on the coast of south-eastern Sicily. New archaeological and geomorphological data demonstrate the continued importance of Sicily in understanding early human uses of islands and nearshore resources well into the Pleistocene. With underwater and coastal archaeological surveys in the Siracusa and Ragusa areas, combined with innovative citizen science, and museum research, and sedimentary analysis, we have identified five key archives: 1) Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological and geological sea-level markers, confirming the quasi-stable tectonic conditions of the SE area of Sicily; 2) Coastal and partially submerged caves containing Middle and Late Pleistocene fauna and geomorphological features, re-identified after their 19th-century discovery, offering valuable data on faunal transitions and environmental changes; 3) Submerged caves and shoreline caverns (at 1 to 25 m water depth) that are possible deposits containing fauna and anthropogenic remains; 4) Submerged landscapes with clay-rich deposits that may represent paleosols or terrestrial Pleistocene-Holocene deposits, possibly associated with prehistoric human occupation of the island; and 5) Three concentrations of Pleistocene-Holocene flint materials (two reworked assemblages of anthropogenically modified flint artifacts in Ognina and Portopalo di Capo Passero —possibly dating to the Neolithic/Mesolithic period — and a concentration of unworked flint nodules at Punta delle Formiche representing an unrecognized natural source of raw material for tool manufacture). These archives provide new data on the island's carrying capacity, the diversity andavailability of coastal resources,and sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum (26.5–19 cal ka BP).
- Behavioral flexibility and its drivers in semi-urban vervet monkeysPublication . Barnes, Paige; Robira, Benjamin; Mercier, Stéphanie; Forss, SofiaPhylogenetic comparisons suggest that behavioral flexibility facilitates success in urban environments. It remains less clear whether urbanization fosters cognitive skills that require flexibility, or whether successful individuals in urban environments simply apply pre-evolved skills to solve new problems. To investigate whether variation in anthropogenic experience drives behavioral flexibility required to solve a new technical problem, we presented 42 semi-urban vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) with a 3-phase foraging experiment. Each monkey's tendency to forage on human structures for food was measured to assess their exposure to human environments. We then used a sequential decision-tree-based probabilistic model to describe the series of monkeys’ actions when attempting the task, quantifying 3 behavioral flexibility traits: switch tendency (shifting between known solutions between trials), innovativeness (ability to use unknown solutions), and learning sensitivity (ability to repeat known solutions). We found that individuals' switch tendency and innovativeness were not explained by anthropogenic experience and that the 3 traits were mostly unrelated to each other. Moreover, neither switch tendency, nor innovativeness predicted monkeys’ human food consumption in this habitat. Thus, our study suggests that behavioral flexibility is not driven by anthropogenic foraging experience. Contrasting with the hypothesis that urbanization selects for behavioral flexibility, our findings instead imply that vervet monkeys already had sufficient behavioral flexibility and cognitive capacities to successfully exploit the urban habitat.
- Parsimony, homology and the continuity of stone tool use in the hominin cladePublication . Proffitt, Tomos; Reeves, Jonathan S.; Bandini, ElisaWhether the last common ancestor (LCA) of Homo and Pan (ca. 6–7 Ma) used stone tools is a foundational question in palaeoanthropology. However, it is often treated as known rather than as a hypothesis requiring substantiation. Lacking fossil evidence for the LCA, this assumption is based on data from extant primates and the available hominin fossil record. Phylogenetic approaches invoking parsimony argue that the presence of stone tool use in both Pan and Homo reflects homology rather than convergent evolution. While methodologically legitimate, we argue that this framework has been applied without sufficient attention to the specific criteria for this to be true. For homology to hold, stone tool use must have been continuously expressed across generations of both lineages from the LCA to the present. We evaluate this claim against three lines of evidence: behavioural data from extant primates, showing that stone tool use is heterogeneous within Pan; the hominin fossil and archaeological record, which leaves a substantial evidential gap between the LCA and the earliest known documented technologies; and comparative data from phylogenetically distant tool using animals, which show that similar behaviours can arise independently under comparable ecological conditions. Together, these lines of evidence favour a model of multiple, context-dependent origins of stone tool use over unbroken inheritance from a tool using LCA.