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- Impact of exposure routes of copper oxide nanoparticles in the clam ruditapes decussatusPublication . Bebianno, Maria; Tuncsoy, Mustafa; Lopes Rocha, Thiago; Gomes, Tânia; GARCIA DA FONSECA, TAINÁThe increasing production of diverse applications of engineered nanoparticles along with their potential release into the marine environment from both point and diffuse sources have become a significant concern for ocean health. Due to their unique physical properties, particularly their high surface-to-volume ratio, these nanoparticles can exhibit enhanced bioavailability and toxicity to marine biota. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are especially prevalent due to their wide range of commercial applications. In the aquatic environment, these nanoparticles typically become part of colloidal fraction and are subjected to physicochemical transformations, leading to the formation of aggregates that eventually sink and deposit onto the bottom substrate. Therefore, sediments, in addition to the water column, act as the primary route of exposure to benthic organisms. The clam Rudipates decussatus is a marine suspension-feeder of great ecological and economic importance in Europe. Ruditapes decussatus were exposed to CuO NPs (10 µg L−1 ) or an equivalent concentration of ionic copper (Cu2+) in both water and water/sediments matrices for 15 days to compare the toxicological impact of different exposure routes. Copper accumulation was monitored in both gills and digestive gland, alongside various biomarkers of susceptibility, exposure, and damage. The results revealed distinct uptake patterns that were dependent on the exposure routes, the chemical form of the metal and the specific tissue responses. Highlighting the complex impact of these contaminants on marine biodiversity.
- A novel three-step biologically informed ocean partitioning strategy: insights from toxigenic phytoplankton in a coastal upwelling systemPublication . Borlido Oliveira Lima, Maria João; Caballero, I.; Barbosa, AnaOcean partitions are often based on readily accessible variables, such as abiotic factors and chlorophyll-a concentration, but provide limited insight into biological patterns. This study developed a three-step partitioning strategy prioritizing environmental factors that best described the variability patterns of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming taxa off SW Iberia. These included the producers of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). First, dimensionality reduction and unsupervised classification were applied to three environmental datasets, derived from remote sensing and model outputs, covering a 19-year period. Second, different empirical-statistical models were used to determine which datasets best explained the abundance of HAB-producers, available for an 8-year period in different classified coastal production areas. Finally, the best datasets were used to derive partitions prioritizing the variability of different HAB groups, at a pixel level. The first classifications identified up to 12 regions, with four to five located in the coastal-slope domain, with a variable configuration depending on the dataset. The best predictor datasets and models identified five regions (two inner-shelf, two outer-shelf/slope, and one transitional coastal-ocean region), representative of HAB groups. No clear distinctive partitions were identified for different groups, namely for ASP- and DSP-producers, likely due to the combined influence of upwelling and freshwater discharges, along with submarine topographic features. Our partitioning strategy can be applied to other marine systems and taxonomic groups. Future improvements, including more complete environmental and biological datasets, could enhance the value of biologically informed environmental partitions as proxies for species abundance.
- Palaeoenvironments, stratigraphy and taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate-bearing unit, Silves Group, central Algarve, southern PortugalPublication . Ruciński, Maciej; Ezquerro Ruiz, Lope; Campos, Hugo; Mateus, Octávio; Fernandes, Paulo; Vilas-Boas, Margarida; Atfy, Haytham El; Werneburg, IngmarTriassic to Lower Jurassic deposits known as the Silves Group in the Algarve, southernPortugal, have been studied for over 150 years. However, many of this unit’s sedimento-logical, stratigraphical, and palaeontological aspects remain poorly documented. Here, we present novel observations on sedimentology, stratigraphy, taphonomy, and fauna atthe Rocha da Pena site, located in the central part of the Algarve Basin. The investigatedsequence is established to correspond to the upper part of the Silves Group. The mud-stone, calcrete, and palustrine carbonate facies comprise most of the sequence thicknessand are interpreted as having been deposited within coastal alluvial mudflats to palus-trine settings under semi-arid and seasonal climates. The overlying siltstone and sand-stone facies indicate an environmental shift towards tidally influenced environments,subsequently covered by the latest Triassic to earliest Jurassic volcaniclastics and basalticlava flows. Furthermore, novel faunal elements, including actinopterygian and union-oid bivalves, are described from mudstone layers. New fossiliferous beds are identifiedwithin palustrine facies that yield numerous but poorly preserved materials assigned tocyamodontoid placodonts, hybodont sharks, and actinopterygians. The poor preserva-tion of the remains is attributed to the pedogenetic processes prevalent in the palustrinedepositional setting. A distinct faunal composition between the mudstone and palustrinefacies is observed. It is preliminarily hypothesized to be likely linked with salinity fluctu-ations, but sampling bias cannot currently be excluded. The recovered vertebrate faunaaligns most closely with the Carnian and, to a lesser extent, the Norian fossil record.Nonetheless, the precise age of the fossil-bearing levels remains uncertain and can cur-rently be reliably constrained to the upper Carnian–Rhaetian interval. Consequently,this work provides new insights into the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the westernTethys margin during the Late Triassic and highlights the relevance of the Silves Groupin reconstructing coastal-continental ecosystem dynamics in southwestern Iberia.
- The palynology of the upper triassic-lower jurassic in the Algarve and Lusitanian basins, PortugalPublication . Vilas-Boas, Margarida; Cirilli, Simonetta; Pereira, Zélia; Duarte, Luís Vítor; Fernandes, PauloHigh-resolution palynological analyses from the Algarve and Lusitanian basins (Portugal) provide a refined biostratigraphical framework and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction for the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic transition. In the Algarve Basin, three new palynozones (AT, SC, and CP) characterise the Silves Group from the early Carnian to early Hettangian, documenting the first Iberian occurrence of Tulesporites briscoensis and precisely delineating the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary (TJB). In the Lusitanian Basin, three palynozones (CG, IK, and Pm) constrain the Conraria and Pereiros formations to the Norian–Hettangian, with the TJB located at the base of the Pereiros Formation. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions reveal distinct basin-specific evolutions. The Algarve Basin records an early transition from fluvial (Silves Sandstones) to marginal-marine (lagoonal and pond) settings, evidenced by abundant upper Carnian algal elements and reworked Neoproterozoic algae. Conversely, the Lusitanian Basin reflects a Norian-Hettangian marginal-marine, river-dominated setting, with microforaminiferal linings at the base of the Pereiros Formation marking the earliest marine transgression in the Lusitanian Basin. Quantitatively, both basins show a persistent dominance of xerophytic taxa, indicating a shift toward warmer, seasonally dry conditions across the TJB. Malformed sporomorphs in both records suggest environmental stress potentially linked to Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) activity. Comparative analysis reveals that sedimentation initiated earlier in the Algarve (early Carnian) than in the Lusitanian Basin (Norian), suggesting diachronous development during Pangaea breakup. The assemblages show strong affinities with the Onslow Microflora, highlighting the Portuguese margin as a key archive for western Tethyan floral and climatic evolution.
- Longitudinal wave power as a proxy for coastal change detectionPublication . Aragón, Marta; Ferreira, Óscar; López-Ruiz, Alejandro; Ortega-Sánchez, MiguelCoastal areas are subject to atmospheric, fluvial and marine hazards that can cause relevant morphological changes. Wave height (Hs) is the most commonly used climate variable to define morphological changes in coastal engineering studies. However, this approach fails to capture directional effects, which are essential for predicting and managing shoreline erosion and associated risks. This work introduces a methodology that identifies relevant morphological changes (morphological events) by using the longitudinal wave power (LWP), after defining an optimized set of Peak Over Threshold (POT) parameters. The morphological evolution of an idealized river mouth was simulated using the Delft3D numerical model and six different wave climate conditions along with tidal and river flow conditions. The optimized LWP approach performed better than Hs in identifying morphological changes, providing a better agreement between climatological and morphological events. The methodology was further validated through its application to two real-world sites along the southern Iberian Peninsula incorporating real wave conditions, variable river discharges, and complete tidal regimes. In these areas, the numerical models had been previously calibrated. The results confirm the robustness and transferability of the methodology beyond idealized conditions. By considering both erosional and accretional processes, this LWP-based methodology offers coastal managers a robust, physics-based tool for predicting morphological responses to wave conditions, supporting the development of early warning systems on inlet-adjacent shorelines.
- Comparative analysis of organoleptic preference and external attractiveness of ‘encore’ and ‘nadorcott’ mandarin cultivarsPublication . Zarcos Duarte, Beatriz; Matias, Pedro; Trindade, Ana Rita; Duarte, Amilcar; Deepanka SaikiaThe ‘Encore’ mandarin tree, cultivated in Portugal for long time, valued for its favour and later ripening period, faces challenges due to a rind-stain disorder afecting its external appearance. Despite its favourable attributes, the emergence of new cultivars such as ‘Nadorcott’, free from external appearance problems and with overlapping ripening periods, resulted in the marginalization of ‘Encore’ in the market. Major retailers, by prioritizing consumer preference for appearance, have contributed to the decline in ‘Encore’ cultivation. Despite this, the ‘Encore’ mandarin is still preferred by long-standing consumers who remember its greater availability in previous decades and value its characteristic taste. Currently, its distribution is mainly restricted to local markets and small-scale fruit retailers. To gauge consumer preference, we conducted a tasting and questionnaire survey with 131 randomly chosen participants, comparing ‘Encore’ and ‘Nadorcott’. The fndings revealed a clear consumer preference for the external appearance of ‘Nadorcott’, leading to a preference for purchasing it based on this criterion alone. Conversely, when evaluating internal fruit quality, consumers distinctly favoured ‘Encore’ for its aroma, sweetness, acidity and overall taste. They expressed a preference for purchasing it based solely on internal quality. However, when participants learnt that less visually appealing fruits were equivalent to the more desirable ones internally, their purchase intentions became indiferent towards both cultivars, with no signifcant diference observed. This highlights the complex interplay between perceptions of external appearance and internal organoleptic quality among consumers, challenging the assumption that appearance alone dictates purchasing decisions.
- Digital twin modelling for a renewable energy community: a case study of the culatra island’s smart gridPublication . Ogunsola, Idris Olalekan; Santos, Joni; Monteiro, Jânio; Pacheco, AndréThis study develops and tests a Digital Twin (DT) of the Culatra Island’s distribution grid to enable the evaluation of demand side management strategies, in the scope of Renewable Energy Communities. Built in MATLAB/Simulink and structured across five functional layers, the DT integrates real-world data from five photovoltaic (PV) production units, monitored and fixed electrical loads, and realistic network parameters derived from the island’s infrastructure. Three steady-state test scenarios were simulated to assess voltage stability, and power flow under: 1) baseline grid operation without PV generation, 2) distributed PV integration under normal load conditions, and 3) high-demand operation near generationload equilibrium. Results show that PV integration improves voltage regulation and reduces losses through localized energy injection and bidirectional power flow. However, under peak load conditions, the system exhibits significant undervoltage, revealing the need for advanced control strategies and infrastructure reinforcement. Overall, the DT proves to be an effective analytical and decision-support tool for optimising distributed energy systems. This work provides a replicable application-oriented framework for data-driven planning in emerging Renewable Energy Communities and supports Culatra Island’s transition toward full energy self-sufficiency. Unlike prior studies that report generalized benefits of PV integration, this work explicitly identifies voltage instability thresholds under high-demand conditions in a real REC configuration, providing actionable insight into when passive operation becomes insufficient.
- The early and middle jurassic palynostratigraphy of the lusitanian basin (Portugal) in a proto-atlantic contextPublication . Correia, V.; Pereira, Z.; Riding, J.B.; Duarte, L.V.; Henriques, M.H.; Fernandes, PauloPalynomorphs, especially dinoflagellate cysts, are important biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental tools and their study can be applied to the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal. A palynostratigraphical high-resolution survey was undertaken in eight Lower and Middle Jurassic (upper Sinemurian to lowermost Bathonian) sections from the Lusitanian Basin. We present the resulting biostratigraphical scheme comprising the most significant palynomorph bioevents for this interval.
- Girogonitos de carofitas en el Parque Nacional de Doñana: Su registro en sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenosPublication . Muñoz, Adolfo M.; Ruiz, Francisco; Guerra, Liliana; Veiga-Pires, Cristina; Toscano, Antonio; González-Regalado, María Luz; Abad, Manuel; Rodríguez Vidal, Joaquín; Cáceres, Luis Miguel; Izquierdo, Tatiana; Carretero, María Isabel; Pozo, Manuel; Monge, Guadalupe; Tosquella, Josep; Gómez, Paula; Romero, Verónica; Arroyo, MartaGirogonitos de carofitas en el Parque Nacional de Doñana: Su registro en sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenos Las caráceas constituyen un grupo importante de macrófitos acuáticos en el Parque Nacional de Doñana. En este artículo, se estudia la distribución de sus girogonitos en diversos medios de este espacio protegido (lagunas temporales, surgencias, caños, márgenes del río Guadalquivir, etc), relacionándola tanto con las variables físico-químicas como con la textura y mineralogía del sedimento. Se efectúa una revisión del registro geológico de este grupo en diversos testigos compuestos por sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenos.
- Integrating remote sensing and covernance strategies for sustainable coastal and marine managementPublication . Taveira-Pinto, F.; Carrasco, A. R.; Rosa-Santos, P.; Bento, A. M.; Fazeres-Ferradosa, T.Marine and coastal areas can now be effectively monitored through remote sensing techniques, which not only facilitate the analysis of vast regions but also enable tracking their changes and trajectories over time. The research presented in this issue offers practical examples, including the use of satellite imagery for monitoring coastal erosion and tracking oil spills. Additionally, two other notable studies focus on diagnosing marine and coastal challenges, specifically related to marine pollution and ocean governance. By using remote Sensing tools, Rodrigues do Nascimento et al. (2025) analyze the degradation of beach features along the coastline of Maceió, Brazil, identifying potential risk points and levels of vulnerability associated with erosion and degradation processes using remote sensing tools. To assess the dynamics of Maceió’s shoreline, the study employed the open-source software Coastal Analyst System from Space Imagery Engine, by using Sentinel-2 imagery (Rodrigues do Nascimento et al., 2025). The adopted methods enabled the accurate identification of vulnerabilities, including erosion hotspots across the studied beaches, as well as the recommendation of mitigation measures aimed at promoting sustainable coastal management.