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- GC Insights: Fostering transformative change for biodiversity restoration through transdisciplinary researchPublication . Ekberzade, Bikem; Carrasco, Rita; Izdebski, Adam; Sofo, Adriano; Larsen, Annegret; Akinyemi, Felicia O.; Bruckman, Viktor J.; Baker, Noel; Clark, Simon; Hill, ChloeAccording to a 2019 United Nations report, of all the known species, up to 1 million face extinction globally. Despite being considered a pressing global risk with several international efforts to protect and to restore, biodiversity loss and the degradation of ecosystems continue at an alarming rate. In December 2022, the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP15) saw the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, where four overarching international goals for biodiversity and 23 targets were set. While this is a positive step towards addressing the drivers of biodiversity loss, we will need not just public and political will but also more effective methods to integrate and use scientific information to reach the goals and targets outlined. To facilitate this, scientists and research institutions need to establish alternative and new approaches to transform the way science is conducted, communicated, and integrated into the policymaking process. This will require the scientific community to become proficient at working in interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams, establishing connectivity across scientific disciplines and engaging in the policymaking process to ensure that the best available scientific evidence is not only comprehensible to decision-makers but also timely and relevant. This commentary details how scientists can embrace transformative change within and outside of their own communities to increase the impact of their research and help reach global targets that benefit society.
- A walk in wetlands morphology and inundation patternsPublication . Borlido Oliveira Lima, Maria João; Carrasco, Rita; Ferreira, ÓscarBalanced conservation strategies are needed to ensure the protection of wetlands in the twenty-first century. To guarantee the success of wetland restoration projects, it is essential to better understand the characteristics of these fragile sites and the driving mechanisms of change. This study characterised the morphology of wetland platforms at five backbarrier sites distributed around the world and subject to various tidal regimes (micro- to macrotidal). Wetland ecogeomorphologic units were manually mapped and classified into upper-, mid-low marsh, tidal flat and channel, using high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Differences in elevation, slope and hydroperiod metrics between morphological units and study sites were assessed, as well as the influence of tidal range and associated inundation patterns on wetland zonation. Upper and mid-low marshes showed steeper intra-slopes compared to channels and tidal flats, with the latter exhibiting longer hydroperiods. No significant differences in normalised elevation and hydroperiod were detected between study sites. Steeper slopes were observed in microtidal systems compared to meso- and macrotidal systems, likely due to constrained horizontal migration. These findings enhance the understanding of the regional patterns of wetland morphological succession, and highlight that tidal range is not the primary driver of spatial variability in wetland zonation. Moreover, this baseline dataset of morphological thresholds can be used to support future large-scale comparisons and inform sustainable management strategies for coastal wetlands, particularly in the context of climate change. Future studies should analyse additional landscape metrics (e.g., vegetation density, sediment accretion rates) and evaluate the cumulative effects of site-specific drivers on wetland geometry.
- Impact of face masks weathering on the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialisPublication . FONSECA, TAINA; Edo Cuesta, Carlos; Vilke, Juliano Marcelo; Astudillo-Pascual, Marina; Ribeiro Gonçalves, Joanna Melissa; Bebianno, MariaThe COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unprecedented need for single-use face masks, leading to an alarming increase in plastic waste globally. Consequently, the improper disposal of face masks has added to the existing burden of plastic pollution in the oceans. However, the complete environmental and marine ecotoxicological impact remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the ecotoxicological impact caused by the weathering of disposable face masks (DFMs) in the marine environment on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (M. galloprovincialis) by assessing biochemical, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects. The mask leachate was analysed for the presence of nano and microplastics. Furthermore, the leachate was used in in vivo and in vitro toxicity bioassays to assess its impacts on M. galloprovincialis. The in vivo exposure of M. galloprovincialis to face mask leachate for 14 days induced a significant increase in catalase (CAT) activity in mussel gills, although not enough to prevent oxidative damage to cell membranes. DNA damage was also registered in mussel haemocytes after in vivo exposure to mask leachate. The in vitro Neutral Red (NR) cytotoxicity assay indicated that leachate concentrations ≤ 0.5 g/L-1 pose a significant risk to the health of mussel haemocytes, which seems a reliable tool for the cytotoxicity impact assessment of face masks in the marine environment. Therefore, the leachate obtained from face masks in seawater causes oxidative stress, oxidative damage, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in M. galloprovincialis, indicating that the plastic burden generated by DFMs in the ocean and its subsequent weathering represents a ubiquitous and invisible threat to the marine biota.
- Oceanographic research in the Thermaikos Gulf: a review over five decadesPublication . Androulidakis, Yannis; Makris, Christos; Kombiadou, Katerina; Krestenitis, Yannis; Stefanidou, Natassa; Antoniadou, Chryssanthi; Krasakopoulou, Evangelia; Kalatzi, Maria-Ignatia; Baltikas, Vasilis; Moustaka-Gouni, Maria; Chintiroglou, Chariton CharlesThe Thermaikos Gulf (TG) is a semi-enclosed, river-influenced, marine system situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, sustaining both urban coastal regions and ecologically preserved natural areas. Facing a plethora of environmental and anthropogenic pressures, the TG serves as a critical nexus where human activities intersect with marine ecosystems. The quality and health of the TG’s marine environment are tightly linked to the socioeconomic activities of the coastal communities comprising approximately 1.5 million inhabitants. The main features of the TG’s environmental dynamics and ecological status have been scrutinized by dedicated research endeavors during the last 50 years. This review synthesizes the seminal findings of these investigations, offering an evaluation of their contribution to research, their present collective impact, and their trajectory toward the future. A severe deterioration of the TG’s environmental quality was detected in the 1970s and 1980s when the treatment of urban wastewater was completely absent. A steady trend of recovery was observed after the 1990s; however, so far, the goal of a “good environmental state” mandated by national legislation and European directives has not been achieved. A clear reduction in research was detected after 2010, associated with the recession of the Greek economy, following the “golden period” for research in the TG from the mid-1990s until the late 2000s. The most important research gaps and uncertainties are discussed, while specific targeted recommendations for the improvement of monitoring and understanding of the physical, biochemical, and ecological state of the gulf are provided: (i) increase in permanent observational stations (temporally and spatially); (ii) inclusion of all major environmental parameters; (iii) monitoring of the quantity and quality of all land-originated freshwater discharges; (iv) monitoring and management of important aspects of the marine environment that have received minimal attention in the past (e.g., coastal erosion, plastic pollution); (v) development of accurate prediction tools (e.g., numerical techniques) to support first-level responders and efficient management; (vi) establishment of a supervising public entity that would support the holistic overview and management of the entire TG. These suggestions are directed at overcoming the existing uncertainties in the knowledge of the TG, safeguarding its ecological integrity and its role as a crucial link to marine biodiversity and sustainability in the Mediterranean basin.
- Contrasting short-term shoreline behaviour after the construction of sinusoidal groynes in NE BrazilPublication . Vasconcelos, Yan; Paula, Davis de; Ferreira, Óscar; Leisner, MelvinCoastal structures, such as groynes and breakwaters, disrupt coastal processes and often promote sediment accumulation updrift and erosion downdrift. However, complex or different groyne designs, such as curved groynes can lead to different behaviours that are still poorly understood. This study investigated the short-term morphological changes caused by the construction of three sinusoidal groynes as a coastal restoration/defence measure at Icaraí Beach, Northeast Brazil. The methodology consisted of monthly field surveys using GNSS-RTK, UAS and high resolution CBERS-4A satellite imagery before, during and after completion of the defence structure. The results were compared with available wave data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the coastal behaviour. The curved shape of the groyne resulted in erosion and accumulation cells that were different (and in some cases opposite) to traditional structures. Beach formation and progradation was observed along a sheltered section of approximately 130 m of shoreline located downdrift, while severe erosion was recorded further downdrift, culminating in the partial loss of a property. The study highlights the challenges facing coastal protection measures and emphasises the need for sustainable solutions to mitigate future risks and prevent coastal degradation.
- Spatiotemporal variability of the coastal circulation in the northern Gulf of Cadiz from Copernicus Sentinel-3A satellite radar altimetry measurementsPublication . Mulero-Martinez, R.; Gómez-Enri, J.; de Oliveira Júnior, Luciano; Garel, Erwan; Relvas, Paulo; Mañanes, R.This study presents a generalised characterisation of the surface circulation over the northern shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz, based on 4 years of high-resolution satellite altimetry data from Sentinel-3A and wind model data. The altimetry-based surface zonal currents, adjusted for bottom-drag and wind effects, are compared with a generic CMEMS product and validated against in-situ ADCP measurements. The proposed altimetry product demonstrates superior performance than the CMEMS product, accurately reflecting surface circulation direction compared to in-situ measurements (r = 0.77, RMSE = 0.10 m/s, bias = 0.01 m/s). The use of the bottom-drag and wind-corrected/uncorrected altimetry product for spatiotemporal analysis of the shelf circulation revealed the distinct contributions of wind-driven and geostrophic components in different basin sectors. The results show that over the western basin, positive (eastward) sur face currents were predominantly driven by westerly winds, while only occasionally, westward flows coincided with easterly winds, suggesting a higher control of the geostrophic component over the westward flows. In contrast, over the eastern basin, both eastward and westward flows were found to be primarily driven by favourable winds. Additionally, the analysis of Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT) values along the whole basin showed the presence of ADT gradients both along-shore and cross-shore over the shelf, contributing to geostrophic flows. Finally, the seasonal analysis showed that eastward circulation tends to dominate during the spring and summer months, related to the upwelling season in the Gulf of Cadiz and associated westerly winds. Westward flows prevail during the winter months, related to easterly winds and the rebalancing of the along-shore sea level gradient during relaxed upwelling conditions. The findings demonstrate a significant improvement in the use of satellite altimetry data to study complex oceanographic dynamics in coastal areas, where both spatial and temporal variability are high. Moreover, the similarity of our results to those obtained from in-situ systems supports the use of altimetry data and publicly available wind models to support oceanographic studies in remote or resource-limited areas.
- Variable downcanyon morphology controlling the recent activity of shelf-incised submarine canyons (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean)Publication . Cerrillo-Escoriza, J.; Lobo, F. J.; Puga-Bernabéu, Á.; Bárcenas, P.; Mendes, Isabel Maria de Paiva Pinto; Pérez-Asensio, J. N.; Durán, R.; Andersen, T. J.; Carrión-Torrente, Á.; García, M.; López-Quirós, A.; Luján, M.; Mena, A.; Sánchez-Guillamón, O.; Sánchez, M. J.This research aims to distinguish genetic sedimentary processes building canyon geomorphological patterns and the factors driving different sedimentary activities in two nearby Mediterranean shelf-incised submarine canyons (Carchuna and Motril) that exhibit different degrees of incision on the narrow margin of the northern Alboran Sea. The straight Carchuna Canyon incises the shelf up to 200 m off the coastline and exhibit steep canyon walls featuring narrow terraces, muddy sands with high contents of organic matter along the thalweg, and transported shelf benthic foraminifera in distal settings. The Motril Canyon head is wider and incises the shelf edge, ca. 2 km off the coastline. It exhibits a sinuous morphology and less steep walls, wider terraces, and higher sedimentation rates with muddy sediments along the thalweg. In both canyons, cross-section relief, width, incision, and area decrease downslope, although these parameters increase locally. The downslope variations of geomorphological parameters are attributed to enhanced erosional/depositional processes promoted by tectonically controlled abrupt changes of the axial channel orientation. The degree of shelf incision, the location of the canyon heads in relation with the local sediment sources, and the seasonally variable hydrodynamic regimes determine the different degrees of recent canyon activity. The Motril Canyon is interpreted as a mature system that reflects episodic activity, collecting fine-grained sediments from the nearby Guadalfeo River. The Carchuna Canyon exhibits a youthful developmental stage whose activity is more continuous and involves sediment trapping of littoral cells and continuous downslope sand transport.
- Comprehensive approaches to climate adaptation and coastal management: insights from the Brazilian coast and a Southeast Asian PortPublication . Santos, Paulo Rosa; V. C. Taveira Pinto, Francisco; Carrasco, Rita; Bento, Ana Margarida; Ferradosa, Tiago João FazeresUrban coastal areas are highly vulnerable to climate change due to their proximity to the sea and dense infrastructure, making resilience-building essential as threats such as sea-level rise, pollution, and intensified storms worsen. Environmental and climate planning are crucial for adapting these regions to potential climate-related disasters. The research presented in this issue provides practical evaluations of planning and monitoring in coastal regions, offering valuable insights for enhancing local management. Environmental planning combines data from the natural environment with socio-economic information to preserve the integrity of both natural and human-made elements. In this issue, the work of Bonilha et al. (2024) presents a geoenvironmental zoning of the municipality of Rio Grande, which establishes guidelines for sustainable land use by balancing the physical characteristics of the environment with socio-economic needs. This zoning not only provides historical, environmental, and legislative knowledge, but also evaluates the land’s usability in light of changes in landscape structure and function (Bonilha et al., 2024). An essential part of climate planning is monitoring how coastal environments change over time, which informs the development of climate-resilient strategies. In this issue, Neto et al. (2024) conducted a seasonal monitoring study of physical and chemical water variables in the estuary of the Goiana and Megaó rivers, a protected area for artisanal fisheries. The authors identified seasonal variations in temperature, salinity, and transparency between the dry and rainy seasons, revealing that the estuary is experiencing hypoxia, which threatens local biodiversity. The area’s status as a conservation unit for artisanal fishing is particularly important due to the economic reliance of local communities on biodiversity (Neto et al., 2024). Also, building on insights gained from monitoring data, the study by Coelho et al. (2024) provides a comprehensive understanding of how changes in tide nodal modulation affect tidal constituents and regimes worldwide. These results are crucial for precisely quantifying the impacts of climate change on tidal patterns (Coelho et al., 2024).
- New insights on the ecology and biology of the rare shark species Oxynotus paradoxus from recent recordsPublication . Graça Aranha Carvalho Ramos, Sofia; Dias, Ester; Marsili, Tiago; Pires da Rocha, Pedro; Teodosio, Maria; Figueiredo, IvoneOxynotus paradoxus, documented in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from Senegal to Scotland at depths ranging between 92 and 1044 m, has been a subject of limited scientific attention in Portugal. Despite its presence in various Portuguese occurrence checklists, only two scientific studies have reported O. paradoxus, one off the mainland and the other off the Azores islands. In this study, conducted during fishing campaigns, four O. paradoxus specimens were caught off the southwest coast of Portugal (SW Iberian Peninsula) at depths ranging between 742 and 1238 m. Notably, an adult female achieved a new maximum depth record for this species, measuring 650 mm in total length. By examining this adult female, we provide novel insights into the ecology and biology of O. paradoxus. Morphometric measurements are compared with previous studies, revealing some intra-specific variability. The observed low hepato-, gonadosomatic, and ecophysiological indices suggest that the adult female had refrained from feeding for some time before collection. This individual-focused approach contributes significantly to the understanding of this poorly known species, especially considering its rarity. This study marks a noteworthy effort to enhance knowledge and emphasizes the importance of individual-based investigations when targeting rare species.
- A critical analysis of the marina environmental risk assessment method applied to PortugalPublication . Neves, Maria C.; Cravo, Alexandra; Jacob, José; Correia, CátiaThe MERA (Marina Environmental Risk Assessment) procedure was applied for the first time along the coast of Portugal to classify the risk of 26 marinas on water quality. A risk ranking Atlas was produced to provide managers or decision-makers with spatial information that can help achieve sustainable development goals. The results indicate that the eight marinas in the south coast of the country (Algarve) face the highest risk, primarily due to pressures from navigation activities. However, the ranking generated along the Algarve using indicators of trophic status (TRIX and Eff. Coeff.) based on chemical analysis of in-situ water samples do not align with MERA. The MERA methodology, as it stands, presents significant limitations. Specifically, it does not account for water chemical parameters, sediment contamination, or temporal variability, all of which are crucial for accurate assessments. To enhance the robustness of MERA, this study suggests incorporating additional parameters and metrics that encompass broader environmental indicators.