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- The ecosystem services of irrigated orchards: a reviewPublication . Matias, Pedro; Trindade, Ana Rita; Magalhães, Tomás Thormann Abranches de; Lisboa de Souza Junior, Silvio; Zarcos Duarte, Beatriz; Guerreiro David Coelho, Luísa Isabel; Freitas, Miguel João Pisoeiro de; Barrote, Isabel; Duarte, AmilcarIn the context of global population growth and intensifying climate change, ensuring food security remains a critical challenge. Orchards are more productive than arable crops, contributing significantly to the nutrition of a growing population. Ecologically, due to the absence of frequent soil tillage, orchards resemble natural forest ecosystems more closely than other agricultural systems. Irrigated orchards are particularly productive and enhance biodiversity in territories where water scarcity is the limiting factor for ecosystems. This review, the result of extensive reflection and a comprehensive analysis of the literature on orchard sustainability, synthesizes evidence on the diverse ecosystem services provided by these perennial systems. Due to their structural complexity, well-managed orchards contribute significantly to climate regulation through carbon sequestration, microclimate cooling, and soil erosion prevention. Furthermore, they support nutrient cycling and provide cultural value. This paper establishes an integrated scientific framework to inform evidence-based policies and reshape societal perceptions. It argues that recognizing orchards as multifunctional landscapes, rather than mere resource consumers, is critical for environmental resilience, supporting their fair valuation as essential components of a sustainable bioeconomy.
- Impacts of climate change on the hydrology of a highly disturbed tropical river basinPublication . Alvarenga, Claudiana Mesquita de; Alvarenga, Lívia Alves; Melo, Pâmela Aparecida; Tomasella, Javier; Pinto, Pâmela Rafanele França; Mello, Carlos Rogério de; Isidoro, JorgeClimate change significantly affects hydrological responses, yet studies addressing future water availability in the Paraopeba River Basin (PRB), an important tributary of the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil, remain limited, particularly under CMIP6 scenarios and using distributed hydrological modeling approaches. In this context, this study evaluated the hydrological responses of the PRB, under climate change using the MHD-INPE. Future projections were based on an ensemble of seven climate models from the NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 collection, considering a baseline period (1992–2014), three future periods 17(2040–2060, 2061–2080 and 2081–2100) and two socioeconomic scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585). The model satisfactorily reproduced observed streamflow during the baseline period. Under the SSP585 scenario, the projections indicate stronger alterations in water availability, with a potential intensification of flood and drought events, as reflected by reductions in minimum streamflows (Q90) and increases in maximum streamflows (Q10), particularly in sub-basins 4 and 5, where Q90 reductions approach 30% and Q10 increases reach 11.7%. Additionally, a decrease in Q7,10 values was observed, which enabled the analysis of the Conflict Index (Icg), indicating that water withdrawals currently granted may exceed the limits established by existing legislation in future scenarios (Igc > 1).
- Pitaya as a new alternative crop for Iberian Peninsula: cultural practicesPublication . Trindade, Ana Rita; Matias, Pedro; Lacerda, Vander; Pestana, Maribela; Tomás Marques, Natália; Duarte, AmilcarPitaya (Selenicereus spp.) cultivation has expanded in the Iberian Peninsula in recent years, driven mainly by increasing demand from the European market and by the crop’s good adaptability to Mediterranean conditions. However, the successful consolidation of this crop requires the adoption of cultural practices adapted to regional edaphoclimatic conditions and production systems. The present review aims to synthesise and critically analyse the scientific literature on pitaya cultural practices, integrating information from major producing regions worldwide and from Mediterranean environments, where data remain limited. Key topics include propagation methods for success in early development, training systems and pruning, soil management within the framework of sustainable orchard management practices and the crop’s versatility in integrating diverse agroecosystems. In addition, bibliometric analysis identified water requirements and irrigation strategies as key aspects for which region-specific guidelines are still required. This study emphasises the utilisation of floral induction techniques and the significance of supplementary manual pollination for ensuring higher productivity and superior fruit quality. Overall, this review provides a consolidated reference to support the development of sustainable and regionally adapted pitaya production systems in the Iberian Peninsula.
- Evaluation of the chemical properties of tomato products enriched with plant-based ingredientsPublication . Ngameni Tchonkouang, Rose Daphnee; Martey, Dorcas Martekie; Gago, Custódia; Guerreiro, Adriana; Raposo, Sara; Rodrigues, Brígida; Vieira, Margarida; Antunes, Maria DulceReformulating tomato-based products with beneficial plant-based ingredients is a promising approach for enhancing dietary quality. In this study, the chemical properties of reformulated tomato products—a juice and a sauce enriched with pea protein, olive powder, and tomato peel powder—were evaluated alongside the tomatoes used as raw material (cultivar ‘H1657’) to determine the changes occurring during their conversion into reformulated products. The chemical properties were assessed by analyzing lycopene, antioxidant capacity (by total phenolic content, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and organic acids (citric, malic, ascorbic, and oxalic acids). The results showed that the fruit had the highest contents of glucose and fructose. Citric, malic, and oxalic acids were lower in the reformulated products than in the fruit sample, while ascorbic acid did not differ significantly. The sauce and fresh fruit exhibited the highest lycopene, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, whereas the juice had the lowest. Polyphenol content was highest in the sauce followed by the fruit and then the juice. The results suggest that incorporating plant-based ingredients into the sauce formulation can help compensate for nutrient losses that occur during tomato processing, making it a promising tomato-based product.
- The Rio Grande Rise: current knowledge and future frontiers for deep-sea science, mineral resources and governancePublication . Jovane, Luigi; Ulsen, Carina; Galante, Douglas; Bernardini, Simone; Bergo, Natascha Menezes; Braga, Elisabete de Santis; Brandini, Frederico P.; Carrion, Ronaldo; Castro, David Lopes de; Constantino, Renata R.; Bin Hassan, Muhammad; Janasi, Valdecir de Assis; Jeck, Izabel King; Junior, Marco Antonio Couto; Lima, Fabiola A.; de Oliveira Júnior, Luciano; Marques, Simone; Massola, Gustavo M.; Mestre, Nelia C. C.; Mohriak, Webster; Monlevade, Eduardo F.; Oliveira, Carina Costa de; Pellizari, Vivian Helena; Portes, Marcelo Cecconi; Praxedes, Adriane G. P.; Rodrigues, Fabio; Rodrigues, Lucas C. V.; González Sanz, Francisco Javier; Silveira, Ilson C. A. da; Soto, Jules M. R.; Souza-Neto, Pedro Walfir; Sumida, Paulo Y. G.; Tagliaro, Gabriel T.; Silva, Solange Teles da; Turra, Alexander; Santos, Roberto Ventura; Yamamoto, Marcio; Mello, Sidney L. M.The Rio Grande Rise (RGR) is the largest oceanic plateau in the South Atlantic and represents a key natural laboratory for understanding oceanic plateau formation, deep-sea circulation, ecosystem functioning, and ferromanganese crust development. This study presents a critical synthesis of current scientific knowledge on the RGR, integrating geological, geophysical, oceanographic, biological, and geochemical evidence published over the last two decades. Geophysical data reveal a complex tectono-magmatic evolution involving Late Cretaceous plume-related volcanism, crustal thickening, rifting, and subsequent subsidence. The structural framework of the plateau is dominated by the Cruzeiro do Sul Rift, which plays a central role in controlling sedimentation, magmatism, and seawater circulation. Oceanographic studies demonstrate that the interaction between the southern branch of the South Equatorial Current and the complex topography of the RGR generates intense internal tides and bottom currents, strongly influencing sediment transport and benthic habitats. Biological investigations indicate that the RGR hosts diverse deep-sea communities, including sponge grounds, cold-water corals, and associated fauna, whose distribution is tightly linked to geomorphology and hydrodynamics. Ferromanganese crusts occurring on the plateau preserve valuable geochemical records of oceanographic and redox conditions, although their spatial distribution, thickness, and metal budgets remain incompletely constrained. Despite major advances, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding crustal structure, sedimentary evolution, ecosystem functioning, and mineral formation processes. This review highlights these uncertainties and outlines research priorities necessary to improve understanding of oceanic plateaus and deep-sea systems in the South Atlantic.
- Impacts of ocean acidification on reproduction and early life development in marine teleost fish—a synthesisPublication . Bridge, Rebecca J.; McClelland, Benjamin T.; Birchenough, Silvana; Stiasny, Martina H.Ocean acidification (OA) remains a major and underexplored threat to marine fishes, particularly regarding reproductive physiology and early life stages (ELS). Although research over the past 15years has documented diverse OA effects, substantial knowledge gaps persist. Most studies focussed on a limited set of species from North America and Europe, leaving broad uncertainty across phylogenetic groups, geographic regions and multi-stressor conditions. In adult fish, especially females, elevated pCO2 can shift energy allocation to prioritise reproductive output at the expense of egg or clutch size. While adult and juvenile fish have well-developed acid–base balancing systems, embryos and larvae possess only rudimentary mechanisms, making them more vulnerable to OA. This article stresses the importance of understanding these physiological and mechanistic responses to predict the future of fish stocks and ecosystem health as OA intensifies due to ongoing CO2 emissions. Our results highlight that OA responses in fish are highly variable and often specific to life stage and species, with acute and sometimes stage-specific effects not fully documented. Lastly, our recommendations on targeted research and funding are necessary to address the remaining knowledge gaps, including broadening taxonomic and geographic sampling, exploring multi-stressor scenarios and improving understanding of the downstream effects of OA on fish reproduction and development. Maintaining robust fish populations is vital for food security, employment and ecosystem functioning, making continued investigation into OA's impacts a scientific and societal priority.
- Comparative analysis of organoleptic preference and external attractiveness of ‘Encore’ and ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin cultivarsPublication . Zarcos Duarte, Beatriz; Matias, Pedro; Trindade, Ana Rita; Duarte, AmilcarThe ‘Encore’ mandarin tree, cultivated in Portugal for long time, valued for its favour and later ripening period, faces challenges due to a rind-stain disorder afecting its external appearance. Despite its favourable attributes, the emergence of new cultivars such as ‘Nadorcott’, free from external appearance problems and with overlapping ripening periods, resulted in the marginalization of ‘Encore’ in the market. Major retailers, by prioritizing consumer preference for appearance, have contributed to the decline in ‘Encore’ cultivation. Despite this, the ‘Encore’ mandarin is still preferred by long-standing consumers who remember its greater availability in previous decades and value its characteristic taste. Currently, its distribution is mainly restricted to local markets and small-scale fruit retailers. To gauge consumer preference, we conducted a tasting and questionnaire survey with 131 randomly chosen participants, comparing ‘Encore’ and ‘Nadorcott’. The fndings revealed a clear consumer preference for the external appearance of ‘Nadorcott’, leading to a preference for purchasing it based on this criterion alone. Conversely, when evaluating internal fruit quality, consumers distinctly favoured ‘Encore’ for its aroma, sweetness, acidity and overall taste. They expressed a preference for purchasing it based solely on internal quality. However, when participants learnt that less visually appealing fruits were equivalent to the more desirable ones internally, their purchase intentions became indiferent towards both cultivars, with no signifcant diference observed. This highlights the complex interplay between perceptions of external appearance and internal organoleptic quality among consumers, challenging the assumption that appearance alone dictates purchasing decisions.
- The ecosystem services of irrigated orchards: a reviewPublication . Matias, Pedro; Trindade, Ana Rita; Magalhães, Tomás Thormann Abranches de; Lisboa de Souza Junior, Silvio; Zarcos Duarte, Beatriz; Guerreiro David Coelho, Luísa Isabel; Freitas, Miguel João Pisoeiro de; Barrote, Isabel; Duarte, AmilcarIn the context of global population growth and intensifying climate change, ensuring food security remains a critical challenge. Orchards are more productive than arable crops, contributing significantly to the nutrition of a growing population. Ecologically, due to the absence of frequent soil tillage, orchards resemble natural forest ecosystems more closely than other agricultural systems. Irrigated orchards are particularly productive and enhance biodiversity in territories where water scarcity is the limiting factor for ecosystems. This review, the result of extensive reflection and a comprehensive analysis of the literature on orchard sustainability, synthesizes evidence on the diverse ecosystem services provided by these perennial systems. Due to their structural complexity, well-managed orchards contribute significantly to climate regulation through carbon sequestration, microclimate cooling, and soil erosion prevention. Furthermore, they support nutrient cycling and provide cultural value. This paper establishes an integrated scientific framework to inform evidence-based policies and reshape societal perceptions. It argues that recognizing orchards as multifunctional landscapes, rather than mere resource consumers, is critical for environmental resilience, supporting their fair valuation as essential components of a sustainable bioeconomy.
- Impact of exposure routes of copper oxide nanoparticles in the clam ruditapes decussatusPublication . Bebianno, Maria; Tuncsoy, Mustafa; Lopes Rocha, Thiago; Gomes, Tânia; GARCIA DA FONSECA, TAINÁThe increasing production of diverse applications of engineered nanoparticles along with their potential release into the marine environment from both point and diffuse sources have become a significant concern for ocean health. Due to their unique physical properties, particularly their high surface-to-volume ratio, these nanoparticles can exhibit enhanced bioavailability and toxicity to marine biota. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are especially prevalent due to their wide range of commercial applications. In the aquatic environment, these nanoparticles typically become part of colloidal fraction and are subjected to physicochemical transformations, leading to the formation of aggregates that eventually sink and deposit onto the bottom substrate. Therefore, sediments, in addition to the water column, act as the primary route of exposure to benthic organisms. The clam Rudipates decussatus is a marine suspension-feeder of great ecological and economic importance in Europe. Ruditapes decussatus were exposed to CuO NPs (10 µg L−1 ) or an equivalent concentration of ionic copper (Cu2+) in both water and water/sediments matrices for 15 days to compare the toxicological impact of different exposure routes. Copper accumulation was monitored in both gills and digestive gland, alongside various biomarkers of susceptibility, exposure, and damage. The results revealed distinct uptake patterns that were dependent on the exposure routes, the chemical form of the metal and the specific tissue responses. Highlighting the complex impact of these contaminants on marine biodiversity.
- A novel three-step biologically informed ocean partitioning strategy: insights from toxigenic phytoplankton in a coastal upwelling systemPublication . Borlido Oliveira Lima, Maria João; Caballero, I.; Barbosa, AnaOcean partitions are often based on readily accessible variables, such as abiotic factors and chlorophyll-a concentration, but provide limited insight into biological patterns. This study developed a three-step partitioning strategy prioritizing environmental factors that best described the variability patterns of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming taxa off SW Iberia. These included the producers of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). First, dimensionality reduction and unsupervised classification were applied to three environmental datasets, derived from remote sensing and model outputs, covering a 19-year period. Second, different empirical-statistical models were used to determine which datasets best explained the abundance of HAB-producers, available for an 8-year period in different classified coastal production areas. Finally, the best datasets were used to derive partitions prioritizing the variability of different HAB groups, at a pixel level. The first classifications identified up to 12 regions, with four to five located in the coastal-slope domain, with a variable configuration depending on the dataset. The best predictor datasets and models identified five regions (two inner-shelf, two outer-shelf/slope, and one transitional coastal-ocean region), representative of HAB groups. No clear distinctive partitions were identified for different groups, namely for ASP- and DSP-producers, likely due to the combined influence of upwelling and freshwater discharges, along with submarine topographic features. Our partitioning strategy can be applied to other marine systems and taxonomic groups. Future improvements, including more complete environmental and biological datasets, could enhance the value of biologically informed environmental partitions as proxies for species abundance.