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- Investigating medicinal resource combinations in the Bornean orangutan dietPublication . Allen, G.; Freymann, E.; d´Oliveira Coelho, João; Shagara, H.; Shinyo, I.; Panda, A.; Jaya, A.; Hockings, K. J.; Morrogh-Bernard, H. C.Self-medication occurs across diverse taxa, but identifying novel behaviours and medicinal resources remains challenging due to the need for long-term observation, intensive health monitoring, and costly pharmacological analyses. Recent advances in analytical methods have enabled the development of the self-medicative resource combination hypothesis (SMRCH), which proposes that non-human animals may deliberately combine therapeutic resources when ill. This framework has previously been applied to identify non-random dietary combinations in wild chimpanzees. Here, we extend this approach to another great ape by examining dietary combinations in wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), a species with emerging evidence of medicative feeding behaviour, thereby enabling broader comparative insight into medicative feeding across great apes. Using longterm feeding data from a Sebangau peat-swamp forest Central Kalimantan, we analysed patterns of plant use and evaluated their potential medicinal relevance. Our analyses revealed non-random dietary combinations involving plant species with documented ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties. These findings are consistent with the SMRCH, supporting its utility as a framework for identifying non-random dietary associations that may represent candidate self-medicative behaviours in orangutans and other great apes. This research highlights the importance of preserving Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation and global health research.
- Natural history is more relevant than ever for primate ecology and conservationPublication . Carvalho, Susana; Bobe, René; Beardmore-Herd, Megan; d´Oliveira Coelho, João; Pascual-Garrido, Alejandra; Kingdon, JonathanIn the tradition of pioneers such as Alexander von Humboldt (1807); Darwin (1839) and Wallace (1869), natural history developed as an integrative framework to understanding processes, relationships, variation, contingency, and patterns in the natural world. These pioneers established biogeography as a foundational natural science. Grounded in prolonged, direct observations, this approach gave rise to field primatology, catalysed by the transformative work of figures like Imanishi (1941); Goodall (1986); Nishida (2011); Washburn (1961) and Strum (2025). Field primatology is thus a direct descendant of classic natural history approaches. Far from being superseded by analytical advances, natural history remains the foundation that gives depth and meaning to primatology, generating the core hypotheses and questions that fuel contemporary evolutionary inquiry (Kingdon 2023).