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- Conflicting phylogenies for early land plants are caused by composition biases among synonymous substitutionsPublication . Cox, C. J.; Li, Blaise; Foster, P. G.; Embley, T. M.; Civáň, PeterPlants are the primary producers of the terrestrial ecosystems that dominate much of the natural environment. Occurring approximately 480 Ma (Sanderson 2003; Kenrick et al. 2012), the evolutionary transition of plants from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment was accompanied by several major developmental innovations. The freshwater charophyte ancestors of land plants have a haplobiontic life cycle with a single haploid multicellular stage, whereas land plants, which include the bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) and tracheophytes (also called vascular plants, namely, lycopods, ferns, and seed plants), exhibit a marked alternation of generations with a diplobiontic life cycle with both haploid and diploid multicellular stages and where the embryo remains attached to, and is nourished by, the gametophyte (Haig 2008).