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- CIBIA XII - Iberoamerican Congress of Food Engineering, 2019Publication . Cruz, Rui; SILVA, L. M.; Vieira, MargaridaClimate change enhanced the need to decarbonize the food production and supply chain covering food processing, packaging, transport, retailing, and end-of-life disposal. Today's way food products are offered to consumers contributes to 30% of the greenhouse emissions (GHE), which is more than 2 tons of CO₂ per person per year in the United States and Europe. Alternatives to decrease this number include lowering meat intake and replacing it with plant-based protein, as the highest greenhouse gas emissions are released during meat production. Another solution is using raw materials produced locally or in the surroundings to produce food products, avoiding food transportation in ships, airplanes, or trains from long distances or overseas. Replacing non-biodegradable materials in food products packaging with new, bio-based, and biodegradable ones is another suitable alternative. Also, reducing food waste is of crucial importance as its carbon emissions account for approximately 6% of GHE, mainly due to decomposing process of the organic matter in landfills.