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- Life cycle assessment of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: a review on methodology and challenges for its sustainability evaluationPublication . Hala, Ahmad Furqan; Chougule, Komal; Cunha, Maria; Caria Mendes, Madalena; Oliveira, Inês; Bradley, Tom; Forbes, Jonathan; Galileu Speranza, LaisThe increase in aquaculture activity is inevitable to fulfil global food provisioning for a growing population. Therefore, it is most recommendable to develop a sustainable approach for aquaculture practice. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is proposed as one solution taking advantage of circular uptake of nutrients within the system. IMTA practice has been conducted for a thousand years despite only gaining recognition in recent decades. It is suggested to have lower environmental impact while promoting more advantages in the social and economic aspect of the industry. Therefore, multi aspects perspective of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is valuable to demonstrate the benefits of the system compared to the others. This review analyses 29 LCA studies on IMTA systems from 2009 to 2022 to understand the results, challenges, limitations, and benefits of LCA methodologies on IMTA systems. The studies followed the ISO 14040/44 guideline and were selected using the Google Scholar research tool. The four stages of the LCA were evaluated and it was concluded that there are several challenges in the Goal and Scope definition phase to determine the functional unit and methods that will be utilized. Hence, it is valuable to evaluate more options and, whenever possible, to conduct sensitivity analysis to help determine the proper methodology. The development of a specific database for the aquaculture sector is also strongly recommended, together with a standardized methodology for Data Collection and definition of impact categories to improve the consistency and comparability of the studies. Feed, fish effluents, and energy use are the impact hotspots and improving these factors might decrease the total impacts of the system as well. From this review, the potential of IMTA systems compared to monoculture systems and the potential of applying a tool such as LCA to measure it is highlighted. Therefore, more studies need to be conducted to improve the LCA methodology's consistency and reliability for IMTA system assessment.
- Clean production of microalgae high-value lipid fraction: influence of different pretreatments on chemical and cytotoxic profiles of Chlorella vulgaris supercritical extracts and life cycle assessmentPublication . Vladic, Jelena; Radman, Sanja; Zizak, Zeljko; Besu, Irina; Jerkovic, Igor; Galileu Speranza, Lais; Hala, Ahmad Furqan; Kovacevic, Strahinja; Gouveia, Luisa; Pereira, HugoMicroalgae have emerged as a promising natural resource rich in bioactive compounds. Health-beneficial properties of microalgae, coupled with advantageous characteristics such as high biomass productivity, adaptability, robustness, and carbon dioxide mitigation, position them as a viable solution for global sustainable food production. This study explored clean and environmentally friendly processes to enhance the recovery of lipid bioactive fractions. Microwave (MW), enzymatic (ENZ), and ultrasound (US) pretreatments were applied to improve environmentally friendly extraction of lipid-based components using supercritical CO2. The effects of these pretreatments on extraction yield, chemical profiles, and cytotoxic properties of Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) and smooth C. vulgaris (sCv) extracts were investigated. Additionally, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate environmental impacts. MW pretreatment achieved the highest yield increases, from 2.58 times (Cv) to 3.15 times (sCv). UHPLC-ESI-HRMS analysis revealed shifts in the distribution of pigments and derivatives caused by pretreatments, with ENZ extracts showing the most pronounced changes: pigments increased from 9.24% (control Cv) to 40.92% (Cv) and from 12.52% (control sCv) to 71.12% (sCv). Cv extracts exhibited greater activity against MDA-MB-453 cells, while sCv extracts from US pretreatment demonstrated the strongest effect on HeLa cells. The LCA indicated reduced environmental impacts of the pretreatment-enhanced processes up to 65% compared to the control. A scenario analysis was presented to show further possible impact reduction by recirculating the CO2 solvent and substituting the energy source. These findings provide valuable insights into sustainable and scalable green processes for recovering microalgal bioactive components.