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- Olfactory sensitivity to conspecific bile fluid and skin mucus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.)Publication . Huertas, Mar; Hubbard, Peter; Canario, Adelino V. M.; Cerda, J.The present study assessed the olfactory potency of conspecific bile fluid and skin mucus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla by the electro-olfactogram. Immature males showed high olfactory sensitivity to conspecific bile, giving large amplitude responses in a concentrationdependent manner with estimated thresholds of detection of <1:107 (n = 6). Mucus also proved to contain highly potent odorants with thresholds of detection of c. 1:106 (n = 6). Crude solidphase extraction of bile fluid (C-18 and C-2/ENV+ cartridges) showed that the majority of olfactory activity in bile fluid was contained in the eluate of C-18 cartridges (n = 6). There were quantitative differences, however, between the sexes; female bile fluid had a higher proportion of activity in this fraction. Similar solid-phase extraction of mucus showed that it contains a higher proportion of odorants in the C-18 filtrate than bile fluid. Mucus from mature eels, however, had a higher proportion of olfactory activity in the eluate than immature fish (n = 6). Cross-adaptation experiments suggest that there are qualitative differences in the odorants contained in bile and mucus depending on both the sex and state of sexual maturation of the donor (n = 6). These results are consistent with a role for chemical communication in the reproduction of the European eel and suggest that both bile and mucus are potential sources of the odorants involved.
- Changes in olfactory sensitivity during the European eel (Anguilla Anguilla) life cyclePublication . Huertas, Mar; Canario, Adelino V. M.; Hubbard, PeterThe aim of this study was to test whether physiological changes are paralleled by changes in olfactory function during different stages of the European eel’s life-cycle. Sensitivity to diverse odorants (amino acids, bile acids, bile fluids, Na+ and Ca2+) was assessed by extra-cellular recording from the olfactory nerve of seawater or freshwater and immature or mature males. Sensitivity to amino acids did not differ markedly, whether fresh- or seawater-adapted, immature or mature. Sensitivity to bile acids and bile fluid, however, depended on the physiological status; in general, freshwater eels were more sensitive to bile acids than seawater fish.
- Sexually mature European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) stimulate gonadal development of neighbouring males: possible involvement of chemical communicationPublication . Huertas, Mar; Scott, A. P.; Hubbard, Peter; Canario, Adelino V. M.; Cerda, J.This study was aimed to investigate whether sexual maturation of immature male eels could be stimulated indirectly by placing them in contact with either male (Minj) or female (Finj) eels in which sexual maturation had been stimulated directly by weekly injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or salmon pituitary extract (SPE), respectively. Untreated males were placed either in the same tank or in a separate tank that was linked to the injected Wsh via a recirculation system. The hormonal treatments stimulated spermatogenesis and spermiation in Minj, and ovulation in Finj as well as an increase of the ocular (Io) and gonadosomatic (GSI) indices in both sexes. Plasma levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) increased in Minj and T and 17 -estradiol (E2) in Finj. A small peak of plasma 17,20 -dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20 P) occurred during ovulation, while the plasma levels of 17 -hydroxypregn-4- ene-3,20-dione (17P) were undetectable in both males and females. The water conditioned by Minj and Finj induced signiWcant, though relatively minor, increases in Io and GSI in uninjected males. In addition, uninjected Wsh showed small changes in plasma T and 11-KT levels, apparently related to the timing of spermiation and ovulation of Minj and Finj, respectively, as well as an activation of spermatogenesis (but not spermiation). Injected Wsh released free and conjugated T, 11-KT and E2 into the water, although immature eels were unable to smell (by electro-olfactogram) any of these steroids or prostaglandin F2 . However, immature males were highly sensitive to water extracts conditioned by spermiating Minj and pre-ovulatory and ovulated Finj. These preliminary results suggest the existence of chemical communication between maturing eels and immature males that stimulates gonad development, although the putative pheromone(s) involved has/have not yet been identiWed.
- Chemical communication in the Genus Anguilla: a minireviewPublication . Hubbard, Peter; Canario, Adelino V. M.; Huertas, MarEels of the Genus Anguilla are important fish in both scientific and economic terms. Unfortunately, current stocks of the European eel in particular (Anguilla anguilla L.) are becoming increasingly endangered. Chemical communication plays important roles in several key aspects of fish biology. Due to its complex life-cycle, the eel offers a unique opportunity to study various aspects of olfactory biology and chemical communication almost in isolation, feeding (during freshwater ‘yellow’ stage), adaptation to seawater, migration and, finally, reproduction. The aim of this brief review is to summarise what is known about chemical communication in the eel (during reproduction in particular) and, more importantly, stimulate further research. To date, eels have been shown to have high olfactory sensitivity to substances released by conspecifics. Both the bile fluid and skin mucus have been implicated as the routes of release of these odorants but other routes, such as the urine, cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the nature of these odorants depends on both the sex and reproductive status of the donor; exposure to water conditioned by mature con-specifics causes a stimulation of sexual maturation in immature eels. These results are consistent with a role for chemical communication in eel reproduction. The European eel is, therefore, proposed as a model species for studies on olfaction and chemical communication in fish because of its ancestral status, its high olfactory sensitivity and its physiological plasticity. However, more research is necessary; specifically, identification of the key odorants involved, their behavioural and physiological effects and how the olfactory system may change at various stages of its life-cycle.