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- Conspicuous consumption of the elite: Social and self-congruity in tourism choicesPublication . Correia, Antónia; Kozak, Metin; Reis Figueiredo, HelenaThis paper relies on social and economic psychology to explore how the travel choices of Portuguese citizens, with different status levels in their daily lives, perceive and adopt different conspicuous travel patterns because of public exposure. To account for the moderated role of public exposure on conspicuous travel patterns, 36 Portuguese citizens were interviewed. Q-methods were applied to explore the varying senses of conspicuous travel choices among citizens with different levels of public exposure, both individually and relative to each other. Complementary qualitative methods were applied, in order to explore how the interviewees construct tourism conspicuous meanings that match their social or self-representations. The results suggest that social contexts moderate the ways in which individuals perceive and experience conspicuous travel. Further, the results show that public groups with higher exposure tend to prefer subtle signals of conspicuousness, in order to differentiate themselves from the mainstream.
- Competitive destination analysis in Southern European countriesPublication . Águas, Paulo; Veiga, Célia; Reis, HelenaPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the competitiveness of the European Union Member States of Southern Europe (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) as tourist destinations for European Union Member States of Central and Northern Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden and the UK). Design/methodology/approach – Application of the market share analysis tool, initially developed by Faulkner, using secondary data from Eurostat – statistical office of the European communities. Findings – The results obtained show that France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain present distinct levels of competitiveness for the various generating countries, with changes having occurred in the period between 1999 and 2007. Originality/value – The paper offers refreshment of Faulkner's tool and an insight into tourist flows in Europe as a tool for tourism and hospitality managers.
- Gender asymmetries in golf participation: tradition or discrimination?Publication . Reis, Helena; Correia, AntóniaThe present thesis is about leisure and sports, more precisely about the low women’s participation in golf. Since for centuries, golf has been ascribed as a men’s game, the idea is to examine how and to what extent gender discrimination has been tacitly accepted, avoided or overcome by women, thus the thesis focuses on gender issues and leisure paradigms. Having begun by understanding the facilitators and constraints that have influenced female participation in golf along the centuries, through a qualitative research, where depicting amateurs and champions/professionals’ participation, this thesis ends with an overview of the strategies women use to cope with the discrimination that still persists in the game. The three dimension of factors paradigm (Crawford and Godbey, 1987; Crawford, Jackson and Godbey, 1991; Godbey, Crawford and Shen, 2010), acting as constraints (Jackson, 1997, 2005) and/or facilitators (Raymore, 2002) to participation decisions was introduced on leisure sciences, stressing the relation between women’s life contexts and the strategies they adopt in order to succeed in a men’s world (McGinnis, Gentry and McQuillan, 2009), being this a major contribution to the body of knowledge in gender issues. Hence, this thesis relies both in social sciences and consumer behaviour, observing a gender perspective. Results suggest that gender inequities in golf, more than discrimination are a consequence of a strong tradition.