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Deep-sea ecosystems of the North Atlantic Ocean: discovery, status, function and future challenges

2025-12Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorAllcock, A. Louise
dc.contributor.authorAmon, Diva J.
dc.contributor.authorBridges, Amelia E. H.
dc.contributor.authorColaço, Ana
dc.contributor.authorEscobar-Briones, Elva
dc.contributor.authorHilário, Ana
dc.contributor.authorHowell, Kerry L.
dc.contributor.authorMestre, Nélia
dc.contributor.authorMuller-Karger, Frank E.
dc.contributor.authorPriede, Imants G.
dc.contributor.authorSnelgrove, Paul V. R.
dc.contributor.authorSealey, Kathleen Sullivan
dc.contributor.authorXavier, Joana R.
dc.contributor.authorAddamo, Anna M.
dc.contributor.authorAmaro, Teresa
dc.contributor.authorBandara, Gayathra
dc.contributor.authorBax, Narissa
dc.contributor.authorBraga-Henriques, Andreia
dc.contributor.authorBrandt, Angelika
dc.contributor.authorBrix, Saskia
dc.contributor.authorCambronero-Solano, Sergio
dc.contributor.authorCedeño – Posso, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorCopley, Jonathan T.
dc.contributor.authorCordes, Erik
dc.contributor.authorCortés, Jorge
dc.contributor.authorCroquer, Aldo
dc.contributor.authorCuvelier, Daphne
dc.contributor.authorDavies, Jaime S.
dc.contributor.authorDurden, Jennifer M.
dc.contributor.authorEsquete, Patricia
dc.contributor.authorFoster, Nicola L.
dc.contributor.authorFrutos, Inmaculada
dc.contributor.authorGasbarro, Ryan
dc.contributor.authorGates, Andrew R.
dc.contributor.authorGomes, Marta
dc.contributor.authorGoodwin, Lucy V. M.
dc.contributor.authorHorton, Tammy
dc.contributor.authorHourigan, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorHoving, Henk-Jan
dc.contributor.authorJones, Daniel O. B.
dc.contributor.authorJoshi, Siddhi
dc.contributor.authorKingon, Kelly C.
dc.contributor.authorLörz, Anne-Nina
dc.contributor.authorMartins, Ana
dc.contributor.authorMerten, Véronique
dc.contributor.authorMetaxas, Anna
dc.contributor.authorMilligan, Rosanna J.
dc.contributor.authorMolodtsova, Tina N.
dc.contributor.authorMorato, Telmo
dc.contributor.authorMorrissey, Declan
dc.contributor.authorNaranjo-Elizondo, Beatriz
dc.contributor.authorNarayanaswamy, Bhavani E.
dc.contributor.authorOlafsdottir, Steinunn H.
dc.contributor.authorParimbelli, Alexa
dc.contributor.authorPeña, Marian
dc.contributor.authorPiechaud, Nils
dc.contributor.authorRagnarsson, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorRamalho, Sofia P.
dc.contributor.authorRodrigues, Clara F.
dc.contributor.authorRoss, Rebecca E.
dc.contributor.authorSaeedi, Hanieh
dc.contributor.authorSantos, Régis
dc.contributor.authorSchwing, Patrick T.
dc.contributor.authorSerpa, Tiago
dc.contributor.authorShantharam, Arvind K.
dc.contributor.authorStevenson, Angela
dc.contributor.authorYánez-Suárez, Ana Belén
dc.contributor.authorSutton, Tracey T.
dc.contributor.authorSvavarsson, Jörundur
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Michelle L.
dc.contributor.authorGrient, Jesse van der
dc.contributor.authorZwerschke, Nadescha
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-09T11:32:36Z
dc.date.available2026-01-09T11:32:36Z
dc.date.issued2025-12
dc.description.abstractThe North Atlantic is an ocean basin with a diversity of deep-sea ecosystems. Here we provide a summary of the topography and oceanography of the North Atlantic including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, provide a brief overview of the history of scientific research therein, and review the current status of knowledge of each of 18 pelagic and benthic deep-sea ecosystems, with a particular focus on knowledge gaps. We analyse biodiversity data records across the North Atlantic and highlight spatial data gaps that could provide important foci for future expeditions. We note particular data gaps in EEZs of nations within and bordering the Caribbean Sea. Our data provide a baseline against which progress can be tracked into the future. We review human impacts caused by fishing, shipping, mineral extraction, introduction of substances, and climate change, and provide an overview of international, regional and national measures to protect ecosystems. We recommend that scientific research in the deep sea should focus on increasing knowledge of the distribution and the connectivity of key species and habitats, and increasing our understanding of the processes leading to the delivery of ecosystem services. These three pillars - distribution, connectivity, ecosystem function - will provide the knowledge required to implement conservation and management measures to ensure that any deep-sea development in the future is sustainable. Infrastructure and capacity are unevenly distributed and implementation of strategies that will lead to more equitable deep-sea science is required to ensure that essential science can be delivered.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipSFI/15/1A/3100; GOIPG/2022/765; ICML-410-UNAM; ICML-SS-2024-12/35–565; CEECIND/00101/2021; M1.1.A/REEQ.CIENTIFICOUI&D/2021/010; UI/MAR/00350/2020; 2023.08132.CEECIND/CP2848/CT0008
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104580
dc.identifier.issn0967-0637
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/28068
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationUAc - Okeanos R&D Centre - University of the Azores
dc.relationUAc - Okeanos R&D Centre - University of the Azores
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationAquatic Research Infrastructure Network
dc.relationInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research
dc.relationAlgarve Centre for Marine Sciences
dc.relationCentre for Marine and Environmental Research
dc.relation.ispartofDeep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectNorth Atlantic
dc.subjectDeep sea
dc.subjectEcosystem services
dc.subjectConnectivity
dc.subjectMarine policy
dc.titleDeep-sea ecosystems of the North Atlantic Ocean: discovery, status, function and future challengeseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
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oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
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oaire.awardTitleInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research
oaire.awardTitleAlgarve Centre for Marine Sciences
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Marine and Environmental Research
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oaire.citation.startPage104580
oaire.citation.titleDeep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
oaire.citation.volume226
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