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The globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean: causes and consequences

2020Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorMalone, Thomas C.
dc.contributor.authorNewton, Alice
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-25T09:00:13Z
dc.date.available2020-09-25T09:00:13Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.abstractCoastal eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs is one of the greatest threats to the health of coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. Globally, similar to 24% of the anthropogenic N released in coastal watersheds is estimated to reach coastal ecosystems. Seven contrasting coastal ecosystems subject to a range of riverine inputs of freshwater and nutrients are compared to better understand and manage this threat. The following are addressed: (i) impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on ecosystem services; (ii) how ecosystem traits minimize or amplify these impacts; (iii) synergies among pressures (nutrient enrichment, over fishing, coastal development, and climate-driven pressures in particular); and (iv) management of nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. This comparative analysis shows that "trophic status," when defined in terms of the level of primary production, is not useful for relating anthropogenic nutrient loading to impacts. Ranked in terms of the impact of cultural eutrophication, Chesapeake Bay ranks number one followed by the Baltic Sea, Northern Adriatic Sea, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Santa Barbara Channel, East China Sea, and the Great Barrier Reef. The impacts of increases in anthropogenic nutrient loading (e.g., development of "dead zones," loss of biologically engineered habitats, and toxic phytoplankton events) are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by synergies with other pressures, including over fishing, coastal development and climate-driven increases in sea surface temperature, acidification and rainfall. With respect to management, reductions in point source inputs from sewage treatment plants are increasingly successful. However, controlling inputs from diffuse sources remains a challenging problem. The conclusion from this analysis is that the severity of coastal eutrophication will likely continue to increase in the absence of effectively enforced, ecosystem-based management of both point and diffuse sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. This requires sustained, integrated research and monitoring, as well as repeated assessments of nutrient loading and impacts. These must be informed and guided by ongoing collaborations among scientists, politicians, managers and the public.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fmars.2020.00670pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/14745
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherFrontiers Mediapt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectHypoxiapt_PT
dc.subjectHabitatspt_PT
dc.subjectNutrientspt_PT
dc.subjectPollutionpt_PT
dc.subjectEutrophicationpt_PT
dc.subjectServicespt_PT
dc.subjectBiodiversitypt_PT
dc.titleThe globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean: causes and consequencespt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.startPage670pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleFrontiers in Marine Sciencept_PT
oaire.citation.volume7pt_PT
person.familyNameNewton
person.givenNameAlice
person.identifier333937
person.identifier.ciencia-id6F13-1247-B2B7
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9286-5914
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7201391894
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication636c0a22-6cf2-4324-a704-64777269e97d
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery636c0a22-6cf2-4324-a704-64777269e97d

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