Physiological response of Palaemon elegans to multi-anthropogenic stressors: assessing the impact of marine heatwaves and UV filters contained in sunscreens

Autiero, Alexandro; Martínez, Ico; Montesdeoca-Esponda, Sarah; Vinagre, Catarina; Gómez, May; Navarro, Alberto; Herrera, Alicia

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/27400

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Authors

Autiero, Alexandro

Martínez, Ico

Montesdeoca-Esponda, Sarah

Abstract(s)

Sunscreens UV filters have been identified as emerging pollutants, representing a toxic threat to aquatic environments. In addition to that, regions with intense sunscreen usage are usually exposed to marine heat waves. This study shows the combined effects of high-water temperatures associated with sunscreen exposure in Palaemon elegans (Rathke, 1836). A full factorial experiment tested two temperature conditions (20 and 32 degrees C) and two sunscreens (one eco-friendly and the other non-eco-friendly) over 12 h. Shrimp were exposed to both stressors and sampled after 30 min (T1), 6 h (T6) and 12 h (T12). At each sampling point, metabolic biomarkers (cytochrome c oxidase, electron transport system) and oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation) were analysed in the muscle and hepatopancreas. In the muscle, metabolic biomarkers showed that at T12, ETS activity was upregulated, showing a high metabolic demand at elevated temperatures, 32 degrees C. Meanwhile, COX activity was downregulated, suggesting possible mitochondrial dysfunction due to the increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), further enhanced by exposure to chemicals present in the non-eco-friendly sunscreen. LPO activity indicated the presence of oxidative stress in organisms exposed to high temperatures, 32 degrees C, in combination with the non-eco-friendly sunscreen. In contrast, oxidative stress biomarkers such as GST and SOD showed that these antioxidant defences function effectively at 20 degrees C, but their efficacy fails at 32 degrees C, probably due to significant ROS accumulation associated with elevated temperatures and chemical pollutants. UV filters accumulation over time and temperature was analysed using UHPLC. Results show that the concentration (mu g/g) of UV filters contained in the eco-friendly and non-eco. friendly sunscreens increased over time under higher temperature (32 degrees C). This indicates that marine heat waves can enhance the uptake of certain chemicals over just 12 h of exposure.