Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2022-09-19"
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- Global warming by geothermal heat from fracking: energy industry’s enthalpy footprintsPublication . Woodcock, LeslieHypothetical dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) air expansion processes in atmosphere climate models that predict global warming cannot be the causal explanation of the experimentally observed mean lapse rate (approx.−6.5 K/km) in the troposphere. The DALR hypothesis violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics. A corollary of the heat balance revision of climate model predictions is that increasing the atmospheric concentration of a weak molecular transducer, CO2 , could only have a net cooling effect, if any, on the biosphere interface temperatures between the lithosphere and atmosphere. The greenhouse-gas hypothesis, moreover, does not withstand scientific scrutiny against the experimental data. The global map of temperature difference contours is heterogeneous with various hotspots localized within specific land areas. There are regional patches of significant increases in time-average temperature differences, (∆) = 3 K+, in a ring around the arctic circle, with similar hotspots in Brazil, South Africa and Madagascar, a 2–3 K band across central Australia, SE Europe centred in Poland, southern China and the Philippines. These global-warming map hotspots coincide with the locations of the most intensive fracking operational regions of the shale gas industry. Regional global warming is caused by an increase in geothermal conductivity following hydraulic fracture operations. The mean lapse rate (d/dz)z at the surface of the lithosphere will decrease slightly in the regions where these operations have enhanced heat transfer. Geothermal heat from induced seismic activity has caused an irreversible increase in enthalpy (H) input into the overall energy balance at these locations. Investigating global warming further, we report the energy industry’s enthalpy outputs from the heat generated by all fuel consumption. We also calculate a global electricity usage enthalpy output. The global warming index, <∆T-biosphere> since 1950, presently +0.875 K, first became non-zero in the early 1970’s around the same time as natural gas usage began and has increased linearly by 0.0175 K/year ever since. Le Chatelier’s principle, applied to the dissipation processes of the biosphere’s ∆H-contours and [CO2 ] concentrations, helps to explain the global warming statistics.
- Algarve online destination image: emotion abstraction on tripadvisorPublication . Lucija Hrkac; Matos, Nélson; Lopes, Íris Regina Cabralo gain and maintain their competitiveness, destinations should have a strong and positive Destination Image. With the expansion of Web 2.0., social media and travel platforms it has become of foremost importance to acknowledge the strength online travel reviews (OTRs) have. Tourism generated content (TGC) can influence the choice of a destination and therefore shape the online destination image (Liu et al., 2020). The aim of this study is to identify and explore the theoretical and empirical state of the art regarding online destination image. To do so, systematic quantitative literature review (SQLR) has been selected as analysis method. Tripadvisor has been chosen as the main OTR platform since it is the world’s largest travel platform. After SQLR took place, the initial selection criteria identified 173 publications of which, after screening process, 22 final documents have been selected to proceed for further review. Issues addressed were commented throughout next contexts: Information sources; Dimensions of online Destination Image; Emotion abstraction in OTRs; Time and space effect on Destination Image; Stakeholders regarding Destination Image and Unique attributes of Destination Image. After detailed consideration next major findings were addressed: (i) organic information sources (TGC), (ii) (in)congruency of projected and perceived image (iii) Residents as “third side” on a “demand-supply” dichotomy, (iv) shift in dimensions of Destination Image (DI). As well, practical implications have been found. DMOs and marketiers should take into account organic information sources e.g. TGC as they can help them to act timely and enhance positive images of tourism destinations. Moreover, TGC can help them to bridge the gap between projected and perceived image that tourists have of a destination. In addition, enhancing unique attributes of toursim destination with the help of sentiments, especially nostalgia can evoke in tourists positive emotions and therefore positive Destination Image.