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- Parting ways: pan-homo divergence revisitedPublication . de Oliveira Coelho, João; Anemone, Robert L.; Bobe, René; Carvalho, SusanaThe timing of divergence between hominins and the bonobo-chimpanzee clade has been at the core of palaeoanthropological debate for over a century. The earliest molecular studies indicated divergence times ranging from 5 Ma to as recently as 1.3 Ma. This study critically reviews the trends of time estimates published between 1967 and 2023, and analyses how these are supported or rejected by the current molecular and fossil records. We compiled 202 divergence estimates and defined three distinct thresholds based on fossil evidence at 4.4 Ma (Australopithecus anamensis and Ardipithecus ramidus), 6.2 Ma (Orrorin tugenensis and Ardipithecus kadabba), and 7.2 Ma (Sahelanthropus tchadensis). We then used these thresholds to filter out molecular estimates that are too young to fit the fossil record. Overall, the data suggests a divergence event within the late Miocene, with each threshold pushing it further back, 8.63–6.38, 10.33–7.81, and 10.95–8.81 Ma, respectively. We use a quadratic regression to demonstrate that estimates have been slowly shifting from ~6 Ma to ~8.5 Ma over the past 56 years. A Bayesian meta-analysis of genomic estimates filtered by our most consensual threshold (i.e., assuming Australopithecus belongs to Hominini) indicates that the split must have occurred early in the late Miocene, most likely before 7 Ma (~99.5% posterior probability) with a pooled effect of 8.69–7.28 Ma. We conclude that, despite an initial bias towards younger estimates, the molecular timing for the last common ancestor (LCA) of PanHomo has been progressively approaching the intervals suggested by the current fossil record.
- Verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus: a deceiving entity with an uncertain etiology – case reportPublication . Carvalho, Isabel Malta; Gago, Tânia; Relvas, Luís; Portugal, Margarida; Cadilla, Jesus; Peixe, BrunoVerrucous carcinoma of the esophagus is an extremely rare malignancy, described as a well-differentiated variant of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, typically exhibiting exophytic/verrucous growth and intraluminal involvement that is often rich in inflammation and hyperkeratosis, which hampers histologic diagnosis and consequently delays treatment. We report the case of a 58-year-old woman with progressive dysphagia and a circumferential, verrucous esophageal lesion, without histologic confirmation despite multiple biopsies and endoscopic resections, showing only focal p16 positivity. After further evaluation with CT, endoscopic ultrasound, and FDG-PET/CT, a presumptive diagnosis of locally advanced verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus was assumed, and palliative chemotherapy was initiated, followed by a sustained endoscopic and radiologic response. This case highlights the importance of multidisciplinary discussion when verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus is suspected and the unexpected, sustained response despite unresectability.