ICArEHB
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Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour
Centro de investigação interdisciplinar em Arqueologia e evolução do comportamento humano
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- 3.º Colóquio Internacional História das Ideias e dos Conceitos em Arqueologia. O povoado pré-histórico de Leceia e o seu enquadramento no Calcolítico do Sul peninsular. Actas.Publication . Cardoso, João Luis; Cardoso, João LuísActas do «3.º Colóquio Internacional História das Ideias e dos Conceitos em Arqueologia. O povoado pré-histórico de Leceia e o seu enquadramento no Calcolítico do Sul peninsular», realizado em Oeiras a 24 de Maio de 2024, reunindo contribuições de investigadores portugueses e espanhóis sobre as principais novidades sobre fortificações calcolíticas partindo do exemplo de Leceia. O volume foi publicado pela Câmara Municipal de Oeiras, correspondendo ao n.º 37 da série «Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras».
- 3.º Colóquio internacional história das ideias e dos conceitos em arqueologia: relato do colóquioPublication . Cardoso, João LuisResenha do encontro «3.º Colóquio Internacional História das Ideias e dos Conceitos em Arqueologia: o povoado pré-histórico de Leceia e o seu enquadramento no Calcolítico do Sul peninsular», realizado em Oeiras a 24 de Maio de 2024.
- Actividades do Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos do concelho de Oeiras (CEACO) desenvolvidas em 2024Publication . Cardoso, João LuisOs factos elencados neste Relatório confirmam o reconhecimento público ao nível do interesse e importância conferidos ao trabalho desenvolvido no CEACO, decisivos para a consolidação e afirmação das suas competências e atribuições no quadro da investigação, salvaguarda e divulgação do Património arqueológico oeirense. 1. Trabalhos laboratoriais e de gabinete 2. Revista Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 3. Terceiro Colóquio Internacional História das Ideias e dos Conceitos em Arqueologia 4. Ciclo de conferências Pré-História do concelho de Oeiras 5. Visitas guiadas 6. Palestras e conferências 7. Colaborações 8. Quarta Edição do Prémio de Arqueologia Professor Doutor Octávio da Veiga Ferreira 9. Considerações finais
- Agent-based simulations reveal the possibility of multiple rapid northern routes for the second Neanderthal dispersal from Western to Eastern EurasiaPublication . Coco, Emily; Iovita, Radu; Marco PeresaniGenetic and archaeological evidence imply a second major movement of Neanderthals from Western to Central and Eastern Eurasia sometime in the Late Pleistocene. The genetic data suggest a date of 120−80 ka for the dispersal and the archaeological record provides an earliest date of arrival in the Altai by ca. 60 ka. Because the number of archaeological sites linking the two regions is very small, the exact route taken and its timing have been the matter of considerable debate. In particular, climate change in this period modified landscapes considerably, changing the cost of moving in different directions. Here, we apply agent-based least-cost path simulations for the first time to Neanderthals, showing that they most likely took a northern route through the Urals and southern Siberia under all climate scenarios. Agents leaving either the southern or the northern Caucasus Mountains reach the Altai in less than 2000 years during two time windows when the climate was mild, in MIS 5e (the Last Interglacial) and in MIS 3. The latter coincides with the dated presence of Neanderthals at Chagyrskaya and Okladnikov Caves in the Altai. The results of this modeling approach demonstrate a remarkable east-west geographic connectivity of northern Eurasia via river corridors despite the presumed barriers of the Ural Mountains and major north-south flowing rivers. Our results highlight the unique strengths of agentbased simulations to reconstruct pathways for ancient migrations.
- Alternating carnivore and Neanderthal activities at Escoural Cave: insights from the taphonomic and machine learning analysis of leporid remainsPublication . Cobo-Sánchez, Lucía; Rufà, Anna; Cascalheira, JoãoExploring the varied subsistence strategies and cave occupation patterns of Neanderthals is key to understanding their complex behaviors and ecological adaptations. Small game consumption, in particular, is considered a relevant indicator of their behavioral complexity. Rabbit assemblages from Pleistocene cave sites provide valuable insights into Neanderthal interactions with small prey and potential competition with carnivores. Here, we present the first detailed taphonomic analysis of faunal remains from Escoural Cave (Portugal), where a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) assemblage was found alongside Middle Paleolithic stone tools and some macromammal remains. This study combines traditional zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of the rabbit remains with multivariate statistics and machine learning methods to establish the origin of the accumulation, and the implications for Neanderthal subsistence and cave use. Results from the taphonomic analysis show no evidence of human consumption but abundant evidence of small terrestrial carnivore activity, primarily from lynxes. This could indicate a sequential occurrence of Neanderthal and carnivore activities in the cave, with Neanderthal activities likely related to something other than rabbit consumption.
- Analysis of organic residues in the context of the middle bronze age in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula: the case of the Cova da Moura funerary monument (Viana do Castelo, nw Portugal)Publication . Oliveira, Nuno; Oliveira, César; Bettencourt, Ana M. S.; Costa, CláudiaThis paper presents and discusses the results of chromatographic analyses conducted on the contents of a ceramic pot recovered from Cova da Moura, a coastal funerary context located on the western slope of the Serra de Santa Luzia in Carreço, within the municipality and district of Viana do Castelo, Northwest Portugal. The site was excavated in 1931 by Abel Viana, who uncovered a monument beneath a tumulus that concealed a cluster of granite outcrops with numerous cavities (tafoni). Depositional activities in these cavities revealed several artifacts, including fragments of various ceramic containers, metal and glass objects, knapped and polished stone tools, animal remains, a diverse assemblage of plant-derived charcoal, and at least one anthropomorphic stele. The materials exhibit a wide chronological range, with the earliest occupation dating from the Late Middle Bronze Age (circa 15th-14th century BCE) and the most recent from the Late Iron Age. Among these finds was a fragmented ceramic pot containing organic residues at its internal base, dated from the regional Bronze Age. Chromatographic analysis of these residues identified traces of animal meat, possibly from monogastric species, and plant oils, both of which appear to have been exposed to high temperatures. This study represents the first application of organic chemical analysis to a ceramic vessel from a plausible Middle Bronze Age funerary context in Northwestern Portugal. The findings suggest the presence of commensal rituals or the deposition of prepared meat offerings as part of funerary practices.
- Anthony E. Marks (1938–2025): pioneer of the palaeolithicPublication . Rose, Jeffrey Ian; Bicho, Nuno; Usyk, Vitaly I.; Winchell, FrankAnthony “Tony” Edward Marks passed away on August 15, 2025, at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, at the age of 87. Tony’s passing marks the end of a remarkable career in archaeology that spanned nine countries, four continents, and a quarter million years of prehistory. Not only did he fundamentally shape how we understand the Palaeolithic record, but he transformed our very perception of lithic technology, teaching us how to find the profound depth of meaning in stone. A proud New Yorker, Tony was born, raised, and edu¬cated in Manhattan. As a young student at Columbia Uni¬versity eager to pursue his love of European medieval art and churches, he was promptly taken aside by the anthropol¬ogy department head, Marvin Harris, who (rather forcefully as Tony would recall) urged him to stick with archaeology. Tony’s professional career began with the UNESCO Nubian salvage campaigns of the 1960s. As Lake Nasser rose behind the Aswan High Dam, Tony mapped prehistoric sites along the east bank of the Nile before their inundation. During the Nubian salvage project, he documented several key Palaeo¬lithic industries, including an array of assemblages defined by the presence of Nubian core technology. He could never know at the time how that discovery would unexpectedly resurface decades later, at the end of his career.
- Behavioral flexibility and its drivers in semi-urban vervet monkeysPublication . Barnes, Paige; Robira, Benjamin; Mercier, Stéphanie; Forss, SofiaPhylogenetic comparisons suggest that behavioral flexibility facilitates success in urban environments. It remains less clear whether urbanization fosters cognitive skills that require flexibility, or whether successful individuals in urban environments simply apply pre-evolved skills to solve new problems. To investigate whether variation in anthropogenic experience drives behavioral flexibility required to solve a new technical problem, we presented 42 semi-urban vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) with a 3-phase foraging experiment. Each monkey's tendency to forage on human structures for food was measured to assess their exposure to human environments. We then used a sequential decision-tree-based probabilistic model to describe the series of monkeys’ actions when attempting the task, quantifying 3 behavioral flexibility traits: switch tendency (shifting between known solutions between trials), innovativeness (ability to use unknown solutions), and learning sensitivity (ability to repeat known solutions). We found that individuals' switch tendency and innovativeness were not explained by anthropogenic experience and that the 3 traits were mostly unrelated to each other. Moreover, neither switch tendency, nor innovativeness predicted monkeys’ human food consumption in this habitat. Thus, our study suggests that behavioral flexibility is not driven by anthropogenic foraging experience. Contrasting with the hypothesis that urbanization selects for behavioral flexibility, our findings instead imply that vervet monkeys already had sufficient behavioral flexibility and cognitive capacities to successfully exploit the urban habitat.
- Bell beaker footed bowls in the Iberian Peninsula: A trial inventory apropos a find from the Lapa do Fumo Cave (Sesimbra, Portugal)Publication . Cardoso, João Luis; Andrade, Marco António; Gil, RuiThe Lapa do Fumo cave (Sesimbra, Estremadura, Portugal) features a funerary context that has been extensively used since the Early Neolithic. A recent review of the votive assemblages revealed the presence of a vessel sherd belonging to a Bell Beaker footed bowl, featuring part of the base and the start of the foot, with incised decoration on the outer surface. This type of vessel, although quite rare, is known from various Bell Beaker complexes of the Iberian Peninsula throughout the entire time span of the Beaker phenomenon, mostly corresponding to the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Its geographical distribution in Iberia is equally widespread, occurring both in funerary and residential contexts. Starting from the Lapa do Fumo sherd presented herein, the authors will present an inventory of all known examples, integrating them into their respective chronological and cultural contexts. A technical and functional discussion is also included, based on an estimate of these items’ capacities.
- Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos do Concelho de Oeiras. Relatório das actividades desenvolvidas em 2025.Publication . Cardoso, João LuísEste relatório diz respeito às actividades desenvolvidas elo Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos do Concelho de Oeiras (CEACO) no ano de 2025. – Acções de Investigação e Valorização do Património Arqueológico; – Acções de Divulgação do Património Arqueológico.