ICArEHB
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Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour
Centro de investigação interdisciplinar em Arqueologia e evolução do comportamento humano
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- Actividades do Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos do concelho de Oeiras (CEACO) desenvolvidas em 2024Publication . Cardoso, João LuisOs factos elencados neste Relatório confirmam o reconhecimento público ao nível do interesse e importância conferidos ao trabalho desenvolvido no CEACO, decisivos para a consolidação e afirmação das suas competências e atribuições no quadro da investigação, salvaguarda e divulgação do Património arqueológico oeirense. 1. Trabalhos laboratoriais e de gabinete 2. Revista Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 3. Terceiro Colóquio Internacional História das Ideias e dos Conceitos em Arqueologia 4. Ciclo de conferências Pré-História do concelho de Oeiras 5. Visitas guiadas 6. Palestras e conferências 7. Colaborações 8. Quarta Edição do Prémio de Arqueologia Professor Doutor Octávio da Veiga Ferreira 9. Considerações finais
- Anthony E. Marks (1938–2025): pioneer of the palaeolithicPublication . Rose, Jeffrey Ian; Bicho, Nuno; Usyk, Vitaly I.; Winchell, FrankAnthony “Tony” Edward Marks passed away on August 15, 2025, at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, at the age of 87. Tony’s passing marks the end of a remarkable career in archaeology that spanned nine countries, four continents, and a quarter million years of prehistory. Not only did he fundamentally shape how we understand the Palaeolithic record, but he transformed our very perception of lithic technology, teaching us how to find the profound depth of meaning in stone. A proud New Yorker, Tony was born, raised, and edu¬cated in Manhattan. As a young student at Columbia Uni¬versity eager to pursue his love of European medieval art and churches, he was promptly taken aside by the anthropol¬ogy department head, Marvin Harris, who (rather forcefully as Tony would recall) urged him to stick with archaeology. Tony’s professional career began with the UNESCO Nubian salvage campaigns of the 1960s. As Lake Nasser rose behind the Aswan High Dam, Tony mapped prehistoric sites along the east bank of the Nile before their inundation. During the Nubian salvage project, he documented several key Palaeo¬lithic industries, including an array of assemblages defined by the presence of Nubian core technology. He could never know at the time how that discovery would unexpectedly resurface decades later, at the end of his career.
- Bell beaker footed bowls in the Iberian Peninsula: A trial inventory apropos a find from the Lapa do Fumo Cave (Sesimbra, Portugal)Publication . Cardoso, João Luis; Andrade, Marco António; Gil, RuiThe Lapa do Fumo cave (Sesimbra, Estremadura, Portugal) features a funerary context that has been extensively used since the Early Neolithic. A recent review of the votive assemblages revealed the presence of a vessel sherd belonging to a Bell Beaker footed bowl, featuring part of the base and the start of the foot, with incised decoration on the outer surface. This type of vessel, although quite rare, is known from various Bell Beaker complexes of the Iberian Peninsula throughout the entire time span of the Beaker phenomenon, mostly corresponding to the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Its geographical distribution in Iberia is equally widespread, occurring both in funerary and residential contexts. Starting from the Lapa do Fumo sherd presented herein, the authors will present an inventory of all known examples, integrating them into their respective chronological and cultural contexts. A technical and functional discussion is also included, based on an estimate of these items’ capacities.
- Earliest evidence for intentional cremation of human remains in AfricaPublication . Cerezo-Román, Jessica I.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Schilt, Flora Cecilia; Bertacchi, Alex; Buckley, Gina; Chibisa, Edwin; Fahey, B. Patrick; Falchenberg, Sofia Gunilla Hedman; Kaliba, Potiphar; Kennett, Douglas J.; Mercader, Julio; Pargeter, Justin; Stock, Jay; Szymanski, Ryan; Thompson, Jessica C.Human cremation on an open pyre demands intensive labor, communal resources, and sensory exposures. We report the earliest evidence for intentional cremation in Africa, the oldest in situ adult pyre in the world, and one of only a few associated with hunter-gatherers. A large cremation feature at Hora 1 in Malawi dates to similar to 9500 years ago and contains the remains of a small, gracile adult with evidence for perimortem defleshing and postcremation manipulation. Subsequent revisiting of the site to build fires in the same place provided additional pyrotechnological spectacles. High-resolution, multiproxy reconstruction of the ritual associated with cremation and its subsequent deposition demonstrates complex mortuary practices among ancient African foraging groups with substantial social investment and use of natural landscape features as persistent mortuary monuments.
- Early evidence of earthquake management through mobility and social network adjustments at Vale Boi (SW Iberia)Publication . Barbieri, Alvise; Sánchez-Martínez, Javier; Belmiro, Joana; Fernandes, Paulo; Galfi, Jovan; Horta, Pedro; Cascalheira, João; Bicho, NunoTectonic processes profoundly influenced the dispersal, evolution, and archaeological record of our Paleolithic ancestors. However, in-depth reconstructions of human resilience against seismic events come mostly from contexts dating to the last 13,000 years. Here, we present geophysical, geological, geochronological, and archaeological data from the openair site of Vale Boy in southwestern Iberia, revealing how foragers mitigated earthquake impacts between ~30,000 and 24,000 years ago. At Vale Boi, faulting formed sedimentary traps that were recurrently exploited by hunter-gatherers and periodically buried by rockfalls, likely triggered by ≥5.7 Mw earthquakes. Despite seismic destruction, hunter-gatherers repeatedly returned to the site, drawn by its strategic access to key resources. They mitigated seismic risks by increasing their mobility and even abandoning Vale Boi, as seen during the Gravettian and at the early/late Proto-Solutrean transition. When seismic and climatic stressors co-occurred (Heinrich Event 2), they did not abandon the site. Instead, they adopted strategies to limit their exposure to rockfall hazard while securing access to increasingly vital coastal and estuarine resources. Until the early Proto-Solutrean, tightly knit social networks supported the survival of Vale Boi foragers during periods of high stress, such as the aftermath of seismic rockfalls. During the late Proto-Solutrean, an expansion of super-regional connections might have functioned as a proactive buffer against future tectonic shocks. Our findings demonstrate that forager resilience to seismic events relied on flexible adjustments in mobility and social connectivity. Despite limitations deriving from its single-site focus, this study underscores the value of deep archaeological sequences for disentangling human responses to intertwined geological and ecological pressures.
- Em busca das nossas origens Pré-Históricas: uma resenha da historiografia portuguesaPublication . Cardoso, João LuisResenha da historiografia dedicada à Pré-História portuguesa, entrecruzada com as grandes ideias filosóficas e políticas que, desde o século XVI, influenciaram os sucessivos autores que abordaram nas suas obras as origens do povo português.
- Faunal remains from torre velha 12 (Serpa, Beja, Southwest of Portugal): relationship between animals and bronze age communitiesPublication . Senra, Marta; Costa, Cláudia; Bettencourt, Ana M. S.; Baptista, Lídia; Gomes, SérgioTorre Velha 12 is located in Serpa (Beja) and was excavated and directed by two of the authors (LB and SG), during an emergency intervention within the Alqueva Project. This site is characterized by negative structures filled with pottery sherds and other materials dating to the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. The aim of this paper is to publish the study of the faunal remains dated from Bronze Age (2nd millennium BCE). The faunal assemblage is small and comes from non-funerary pits and from funerary hypogea. Other than a bone artefact and an undetermined shell fragment, all of the remains integrated in the pits were classified as mammals. Sheep/goat is was frequently found while other species such as cattle and swines had lower frequencies. Fragments of cattle limbs are the only faunal remains associated with human burials and reveal a clear taxonomical and anatomical pattern that may be an indicator of a careful and structured anthropogenic behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the social relationship between animals and the Bronze Age communities.
- Mobility of populations in the transition from muslim world to portuguese kingdom in the Algarve, South Portugal, 11th-13th centuriesPublication . Maurer, Anne-France; MacRoberts, Rebecca; López-Aceves, Judith Margarita; Ortega-González, Alvaro Felipe; Relvado, Cláudia; Fernandes, Teresa; Curate, Francisco; Teixeira, João; Roca-Rada, Xavier; Llamas, Bastien; Luzia, Isabel; Pires, Alexandra; Simões Dias de Oliveira, Luís Filipe; Garcia, Cristina Alexandra Tété; Barrocas , Cristina; Schöne, Bernd R.; Ribeiro, Sara; Santos, Jose Francisco; Valente, Maria JoãoThis study investigates mobility during the transition from Muslim to Christian rule in the Algarve, southern Portugal (11th–13th centuries), using multi-isotope analysis to understand population dynamics during this complex conquest period. Skeletal remains from two key populations were analysed: the final Muslims buried in Loulé before the Christian conquest (necropolises of Quinta da Boavista and Hospital da Misericórdia) and the earliest Christians buried in Cacela-aVelha following the Order of Santiago’s capture in 1240 (necropolis of Poço Antigo). Contemporary faunal remains from trash pits and storage silos were also examined (Loulé: Oficina do Senhor Carrilho; Cacela: Silo 7 of Largo da Fortaleza). Strontium, oxygen, and sulphur isotope analysis of human and animal remains were combined with plant sampling for environmental baselines. Machine learning algorithms integrated this data with published Iberian Peninsula plant isotope ratios to create updated strontium isoscape maps, enabling probabilistic geographic assignment of non-local individuals. Ancient DNA analysis of selected Muslim individuals provided additional mobility insights. Results reveal strikingly different mobility patterns. Muslim individuals were largely local (~95%) with a few non-local likely from the Maghreb or eastern Spain. Conversely, the Christian population displayed extensive mobility, greater for males than females, with nearly 50% non-local to the Algarve. Potential origins were diverse and included regions along the Guadiana River and N/ NE areas. While Muslims showed no sex-based isotope mobility patterns, paleogenetic analysis suggested patrilocal social structures and highlight the complex genetic landscape of the region. The overall data showcase a colonisation process poorly documented in other sources.
- Modern stone tool users from northern Kenya emphasize mass and edge length in the selection of cutting toolsPublication . Reeves, Jonathan S.; Douglass, Matthew J.; Haney, Christine E.; Ndiema, Emmanuel K.; Luncz, Lydia V.The production and use of informal flake cutting tools played an essential role in foraging across human history. While much is known about the production of these tools, the attributes that facilitate their selection and use remain underexplored. This is because there remain few opportunities for the use of such tools in a traditional setting. The Daasanach of East Turkana, Kenya, maintain a tradition of stone tool production and use, affording the opportunity to investigate tool selection in a natural setting. Through interview and video documentation, we observed eight expert toolmakers complete butchery tasks, allowing us to link traditional technological knowledge governing cutting tool selection with measurable lithic attributes. Our findings reveal that factors such as edge angle, mass and grip significantly influence tool selection and cutting efficiency. These insights provide new perspectives on the functional relevance of informal cutting tools that are largely understood through experimentation. The outcomes of this study provide a venue for interpreting lithic variability in ancient contexts from the perspectives of traditional expert tool users. This research underscores the utility of detailed ethnographic studies to complement archaeological findings, enhancing our understanding of early human technological evolution.
- Las ocupaciones tardiglaciares de la Cova de Les Borres (La Febró, Tarragona)Publication . Ramón Rabuñal, José; Soto, María; Ignacio Morales, Juan; Lombao, Diego; Soares Remiseiro, Miguel; Fernández-Marchena, Juan Luis; Vallverdú, JosepEn este artículo se presentan los trabajos arqueológicos desarrollados entre 2012 y 2015 en la Cova de Les Borres (La Febró, Tarragona). Los nuevos datos cronoestratigráficos y los materiales arqueológicos analizados derivan de los tres niveles principales identificados hasta el momento, que datan de mediados del GI-1 (Nivel 2), finales del GI-1/inicios del GS-1 (Nivel 1.2) y presumiblemente del GS-1 (Nivel 1.1). La secuencia documentada resulta de gran relevancia para el estudio de las dinámicas de evolución tecnológica y cultural durante el final del Pleistoceno en el NE peninsular, al ser uno de los escasos yacimientos conocidos con ocupaciones sucesivas durante el GI-1 y el GS-1, asociadas al Magdaleniense Superior Final y al Sauveterroide.