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- Does non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) ibuprofen induce antioxidant stress and endocrine disruption in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis?Publication . Gonzalez-Rey, Maria; Bebianno, Maria JoãoIbuprofen (IBU) is one of the most sold over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and widely detected in the aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, the information regarding IBU effects in biota is still sparse. The goal of this study was to assess IBU potential effect as oxidative stress and endocrine disruption inducer in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis applying a battery of biomarkers. Over two weeks of exposure to IBU (250 ngL(-1)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), phase II glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in the digestive gland and alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) were carried out in sex-differentiated mussels' gonads. The results confirm a transitory induction of antioxidant activities responses concomitant to lipid peroxide formation outline and an increase of ALP levels over time, particularly in exposed males which may lead to mussels' reproductive fitness impairment highlighting a higher impact of IBU as an endocrine disruptor than as a short-term reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generator.
- Differential gene transcription, biochemical responses, and cytotoxicity assessment in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to ibuprofenPublication . Serrano, Miguel A. S.; Gonzalez-Rey, Maria; Mattos, Jacó J.; Flores-Nunes, Fabrício; Mello, Álvaro C. P.; Zacchi, Flávia L.; Piazza, Clei E.; Siebert, Marília N.; Piazza, Rômi S.; Alvarez-Muñoz, Diana; Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara; Barceló, Damià; Bebianno, Maria João; Gomes, Carlos H. A. M.; Melo, Cláudio M. R.; Bainy, Afonso C. D.Pharmaceuticals, such as anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs, are frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems. Studies about the effects of these substances in nontarget organisms, such as bivalves, are relevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on antioxidant status caused by ibuprofen (IBU) in oysters Crassostrea gigas exposed for 1, 4, and 7 days at concentrations 1 and 100 μg L(-1). Levels of IBU in tissues of oysters, as well as cell viability of hemocytes, were measured. The transcription of cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2AU2, CYP356A1, CYP3071A1, CYP30C1), glutathione S-transferase isoforms (GST-ω-like and GST-π-like), cyclooxygenase-like (COX-like), fatty acid binding protein-like (FABP-like), caspase-like, heat shock protein-like (HSP70-like), catalase-like (CAT-like), and the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were also evaluated in the gills of oysters. The highest levels of IBU were observed in animals exposed to 100 μg L(-1). A significant upregulation of CYP2AU1, CYP356A1, CYP3071A1, GST-ω-like, GST-π-like, COX-like, and FABP-like was observed in oysters exposed to IBU under different experimental conditions. Oysters exposed to 1 μg L(-1) for 7 days showed a significantly higher transcription of CYP2AU2, CYP356A1, CYP3071A1, GST-ω-like, and GST-π-like but lower GR activity. In conclusion, C. gigas exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of IBU (1 μg L(-1)) exhibited increased transcription of certain genes and alterations on antioxidant and auxiliary enzymes, which could, in the the long term, cause damages to exposed organisms.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen distresses antioxidant defense system in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis gillsPublication . Gonzalez-Rey, Maria; Bebianno, Maria JoãoActive pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are presently considered an emergent class of environmental contaminants. Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the world. Several authors report the occurrence of IBU in influents and effluents of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), surface, river and public tap water in numerous countries. However, very little is known about the risks and chronic effects of IBU exposure in non-target organisms. This approach undertakes the assessment of several oxidative stress biomarkers responses through the analysis of antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase - CAT, glutathione S-transferase - GST, glutathione reductase - GR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in sentinel species mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis gills exposed for 2 weeks to an environmental realistic concentration of IBU. Results clearly show the significant induction and positive correlation between SOD activity and LPO in exposed gills, concomitant to an antioxidant defense depletion of CAT, GR and GST compared to controls. The integration of all biomarkers in mussels' gills separates non- and exposed groups supporting the breakdown of the redox defense system and IBU's pro-oxidant action. Further studies are needed to test possible endocrine disruption effects in mussels' reproduction fitness as IBU is involved on prostaglandins biosynthesis inhibition.