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- Managing Work and Care: A Difficult Challenge for Immigrant FamiliesPublication . São José, José; Wall, KarinExplores the strategies used by immigrant families to reconcile work and care for young children in Finland, France, Italy and Portugal. Drawing upon interviews with couples or lone parents who have children below age ten, it shows that immigrant families rely on a diversity of work/care strategies. These strategies include extensive delegation of care (mostly to formal or non-familial informal care), negotiation of care within the nuclear family (both partners sharing the care responsibilities as well as older child care), mother-centredness (mothers cutting back on working hours), child negligence (leaving children alone) and the superimposition of care upon work (taking children to work). Almost all immigrant families, but especially first-generation ones, suffer from the absence of close kin networks to support childcare, strong pressure to work and from work (long or atypical hours) and various integration problems such as social isolation, lack of information on services, and problems with housing. However, our findings show that migration patterns, among other factors, have a significant impact on work/care strategies. Highly qualified “professional migration” is more associated with extensive paid delegation (often private and high-cost), “marriage migration” with mother-centredness, and “unskilled worker migration” with low-cost solutions supplemented by workplace care, older child care and negligence. First-generation unskilled worker migrant families are more exposed to occupational and residential segregation, atypical working hours, low earnings and difficulties in managing work and care for young children. Findings point to the still weak regulatory function of the different welfare states in the protection of these families.
- WP3 Care arrangements in multi-career families National report: PortugalPublication . Wall, Karin; São José, José; Correia, SóniaThe division of labour within the family and the behaviour of families in relation to the labour market have changed significantly in Portugal over the last few decades. Of particular importance have been the increased labour force participation of women, especially of married women and those with young children, and the rise in women’s levels of educational attainment.. Women (aged 15-64) as a proportion of the total labour force rose rapidly from 18.3% in 1960 to 52.8% in 1991,and 62% in 1998.
- Work and care in double front carer families. A qualitative comparison of care arrangements in Finland, France, Italy, Portugal and the UKPublication . São José, José; Trifiletti, R.; Simoni, S.; Pratesi, A.The first main result of our research is that in double front carer families the emphasis is on the elder care, whereas the care of children is in general described as less problematic and more "natural". Not only does this latter one seem to involve less fatigue and stress but also, it has been presented as a resource to recover from the main burden of eldercare. These results are grounded in our data. They do not derive from a bias in the interviews but do really express the views of the carers.