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The effects of feeding with shrimp or fish fry on growth and mantle lipid composition of juvenile and adult cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)

Publication . Almansa, Eduardo; Domingues, Pedro; Sykes, António V.; Tejera, Noemi; Lorenzo, António; Andrade, José Pedro

In the present study, cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) aged 60-day-old (age-group I) and 120-day-old (age-group II) were fed with live shrimp and live fish fry for 60 days, in order to study the diet influence on growth, mantle lipid composition, and astaxanthin content in the skin. The most noteworthy difference was the higher growth observed in shrimp-fed cuttlefish with respect to fishfed cuttlefish in both age groups. Total lipids (TL), lipid classes (LC) and their associated fatty acids (FA) from both diets and mantle of cuttlefish were analysed. The lipid profiles of both diets were clearly different in their LC distribution, with higher levels of Polar Lipids (PL) in shrimp with respect to fish fry. However, both diets did not show outstanding differences in the FA composition of TL except for 20:5n-3 (EPA), which was higher in shrimp than in fish fry. With respect to lipid composition of cuttlefish mantle, the TL content and cholesterol (CHO) percentage increased with age, while phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) percentage decreased. On the other hand, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PC percentages in both cuttlefish age groups were also affected by the different diets, although this difference was higher in agegroup I. The general pattern of fatty acid composition of TL in the mantle of cuttlefish was similar in all groups studied. It is remarkable the low levels of monoene FAs in both age-group cuttlefish mantle, despite of the high level of this FA group in both diets, which suggests that these FAs are not stored in the mantle. An opposite tendency was observed regarding the n-3 HUFA, especially 22:6n-3 (DHA) which remained constant despite the different age or diet. High levels of astaxanthin were found in shrimp with respect to fish, but this was only reflected on skin accumulation in age-group I, showing no differences in age-group II. This suggests differences in the astaxanthin metabolism according to the age. The results suggest that the growth differences observed in shrimp-fed cuttlefish with respect to fish-fed cuttlefish were not reflected in outstanding differences in mantle composition.

2006Journal article

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The use of Artemia sp. or mysids as food source for hatchlings of the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.); effects on growth and survival throughout the life cycle

Publication . Domingues, Pedro M.; Sykes, António V.; Andrade, José Pedro

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Artemia sp. or mysids on growth and survival of S. offıcinalis hatchlings, and their effect throughout the life cycle. For experiment I, for the first 20 days, one group was fed adult Artemia sp. and the other was fed mysid shrimp (Paramysis nouvelli). Eggs laid by females in both groups were counted and weighed, and hatchlings were weighed, to determine differences in both groups. For experiment II, during the first 10 days, one group was fed Artemia sp. and the other was fed mysids (P. nouveli). After the period of differentiated feeding, the 2 groups in experiment I were fed grass shrimp (Paleomonetes varians) to 70 days old, and dead crabs (Carcinus maenas) afterwards. Cuttlefish in experiment II were fed grass shrimp from day 10 until the end of the experiment. For both experiments, hatchlings fed mysids grew significantly bigger (p < 0.01) and survival was higher. For experiment I, eggs laid by females fed mysids and the hatchlings born from these eggs were bigger (p < 0.001) compared to the group fed Artemia sp. initially. Individual fecundity was slightly higher for females in the group fed Artemia sp. (163 eggs female−1) than for the group fed mysids (144 eggs female−1). Egg laying started at the age of 125 days and lasted 45 days in both groups. Time between first egg laying day and first hatchlings to be born was 21 days. The last female to die (after spawning) in both groups was 167 days (less than 6 months old).

2001-12Journal article

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Growth and survival of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) of different ages fed crustaceans and fish. Effects of frozen and live prey

Publication . Domingues, P.; Sykes, António V.; Sommerfield, Anne; Almansa, Eduardo; Lorenzo, António; Andrade, José Pedro

Three feeding experiments, using live mysid shrimp, grass shrimp or fish fry as prey for 1-, 30- and 60-day-old cuttlefish were conducted to determine the efficiency of each dietary source in relation to cuttlefish size and age. Additionally, a fourth experiment using fish fry and grass shrimp, but previously frozen, was also conducted. The results showed that when 1-day-old cuttlefish were fed mysids, grass shrimp or fish for 4 weeks, mysids were the best prey, but only during the first week. From this moment until the end of the experiment, the best growth rate was when cuttlefish were fed grass shrimp. Cuttlefish fed fish fry showed the poorest growth rate throughout the experiment. Similarly, cuttlefish aged 30 or 60 days fed grass shrimp or fish fry had the best growth rates when fed grass shrimp. When cuttlefish were fed live fish, survival increased with size of cuttlefish (73.3%, 91.7% and 100% for 1, 30 and 60 days cuttlefish, respectively). In the fourth experiment, using frozen diets, overall acceptance of each diet (feeding rates) was the same for fish and shrimp. However, lower growth was obtained when cuttlefish were fed fish compared to grass shrimp. This lower growth was due to a lower food conversion (28% vs. 41%). Since cephalopod paralarvae and juvenile most likely need prey rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), phospholipids and cholesterol, and a moderate content in neutral lipids, we have analyzed the biochemical compositions of the different prey to evaluate the influence of this factor on growth and survival.

2004Journal article

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Growth of young cuttlefish, sépia offcinalis (Linnaeus 1758) at the upper end of the biological distribution temperature range

Publication . Domingues, P. M.; Kingston, T.; Sykes, António V.; Andrade, José Pedro

Individual growth rates, feeding rates (%BWd-1) and food conversions for cuttlefish (S. officinalis) hatchlings and juveniles were determined during this study. A flow-through system was used. Water temperature reached 30 °C during the hottest part of the day, gradually decreasing to 25 °C during the night; salinity varied between 37 6 3 ppt and lights were kept on for 14 h day-1. Hatchlings were placed in separate compartments with a water volume of 1.2 L. Juvenile cuttlefish (from 0.5 to 25 g) were placed in bigger baskets, with a water volume of 5.2 L. Water flow was 120 L h-1. The biggest cuttlefish used in these experiments (> 25 g) were gathered in groups of five and placed in circular tanks (water volume of 250-300 L).

2001Journal article

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Effects of feeding live or frozen prey on growth, survival and the life cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Publication . Domingues, P.; Sykes, António V.; Sommerfield, Anne; Andrade, José Pedro

The European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis belongs to the family Sepiidae. About 100 species of cuttlefish have been found around the world (Okutani 1990). From these, S. officinalis, is one of the most well known, and the most easily cultured (Forsythe et al. 1994). This species has been grown in laboratories and public aquaria around the world (Boletzky 1983; Clarke et al. 1989, Domingues 1999) and more than two or three consecutive generations have been cultured throughout the years (Richard 1966; Pascual 1978; Boletzky 1979; Toll and Strain 1988; Forsythe et al. 1994; Lee et al. 1998; Domingues et al. 2001b). Cuttlefish (S. officinalis) hatchlings are born as miniature replicas of adults, and have similar basic behavior as adults, namely a marked benthic mode of life (Warnke 1994). During the first few weeks of their life, cuttlefish have to be fed live prey, usually mysid shrimp (Richard 1975; Forsythe et al. 1994; Domingues 1999; Domingues et al. 2001a). Afterwards, they will accept dead food, such as frozen shrimp, fish or crabs (DeRusha et al. 1989; Forsythe et al. 1991; Domingues et al. 2001a). Some authors have cultured this species making this transition to dead food (Pascual 1978; Forsythe et al. 1994), while others fed live prey throughout the life cycle (Domingues et al. 2001a, 2001b, 2002).

2003Journal article

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