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Green versus conventional extraction of tunisian carob pulp: polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, and chemometric insights
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Carob pulp is a Mediterranean by-product highlighted as an important source of bioactive compounds potentially used in different industrial applications. This study compares extraction methods using both conventional (maceration-M, organic solvents and water) and non-conventional green techniques (ultrasound-assisted extraction -UAE, and natural deep eutectic solvents -NADES). Chemometric tools were applied to analyze the polyphenol profile by HPLC–HRMS and assess bioactive potential measured by Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH and ABTS assays of carob pulp from two regions in Tunisia (North and South). Among the factors studied (extraction technique, solvent, and geographical location), the solvent contributed to the highest variability in the composition of the carob. The highest yield of total phenolics was achieved using the conventional ethanol 75 %-M method (5023.92 µg/g) and the green water-UAE (5008.32 µg/g), followed by the NADES (lactic acid: sodium acetate, 3:1) method (3117.23 µg/g). The latter method was notable for its high content of flavonols, hydrolizable tannins, and antioxidant potential. Significant differences in phenolic content were observed between the two Tunisian locations, depending on the extraction method, with generally higher concentrations found in extracts from the southern region. The chemometric analysis confirms the effectiveness of the proposed green extraction methods as powerful and efficient tools for bioactive compound extraction from carob pulp, achieving similar, improved or highly selective phenolic recoveries when compared to the conventional methods.
Description
Keywords
Ceratonia siliqua L Natural deep eutectic solvents Ultrasonic-assisted extraction HPLC-HRMS Polyphenols Antioxidant capacity
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Publisher
Elsevier
CC License
Without CC licence