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Contaminação mental na perturbação de stress pós-traumático: revisão sistemática
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A Contaminação Mental é uma sensação de sujidade ou poluição interna, acompanhada por emoções negativas, com origem numa fonte humana e que pode ser provocada por memórias e pensamentos acerca de situações consideradas traumáticas e ego distónicas, como é o caso da traição e abuso sexual. A Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático, também se associa a experiências traumáticas e apresenta um conjunto de sintomas semelhantes à Contaminação Mental. Existe evidência de que quer a Contaminação Mental, quer a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático podem ocorrer em simultâneo, mas não é clara a forma como se relacionam. A presente revisão sistemática propôs-se a analisar: 1) a relação entre a Contaminação Mental e a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático; 2) o papel do nojo na relação entre a Contaminação Mental e a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático; 3) a relação entre a Contaminação mental e o Trauma; 4) o papel do nojo na relação entre a Contaminação mental e o Trauma; 5) se a relação entre a Contaminação mental e o Trauma, se limita a experiências traumáticas de cariz sexual. Foram pesquisados estudos nas bases de dados APA PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, Web of Science, Mendline, PubMed, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Cochrane Library, APA PsycNet e Biblioteca Online da Universidade do Algarve. A revisão também incluiu literatura cinzenta extraída do Google Académico. A qualidade dos estudos foi verificada através do The Mixed Methods Appraisal tool, mantendo apenas os estudos de “Alta” qualidade. Incluíram-se um total de 21 estudos dos quais seis com uma metodologia randomizada, dez não randomizada e cinco descritiva, cujos resultados foram posteriormente divididos por objetivo de investigação e analisados. Os resultados permitiram verificar associações entre a Contaminação Mental e a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático e entre a Contaminação Mental e o Trauma. O nojo associou-se à Contaminação Mental e à Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático, mas nada se pode concluir acerca do seu papel na relação entre a Contaminação Mental e a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático e a Contaminação Mental e Trauma. A Contaminação Mental e o Trauma associaram-se a vários tipos de experiências traumáticas, não se tendo limitado esta associação às experiências traumáticas de caráter sexual. A presente revisão sistemática explorou o conhecimento existente acerca da associação entre a Contaminação mental e a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático, e identificou mediadores desta relação, incluindo a tolerância a emoções negativas e comportamentos de evitamento, importantes a ter em conta em intervenções terapêuticas com indivíduos que apresentem comorbilidade de sintomas de Contaminação Mental e Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático. Também alerta para o facto de que o nojo, embora se associe de forma isolada à Contaminação mental e à Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático, possa não ser uma variável explicativa relevante para a relação estabelecida entre estes dois construtos, e entre a Contaminação Mental e o Trauma.
Mental Contamination is a feeling of internal dirtiness or pollution, followed by negative emotions, from a human source and can be triggered by memories and thoughts about experiences considered traumatic and ego-dystonic, such as betrayal and sexual abuse. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder presents a set of symptoms similar to Mental Contamination. There is evidence that both Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can occur simultaneously, but it´s not clear the way they relate. This systematic review aims to analyse: 1) The association between Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; 2) The role of disgust in the association between Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; 3) The association between Mental Contamination and Trauma; 4) The role of disgust in the association between Mental Contamination and Trauma; 5) Wether the association between Mental Contamination and Trauma is limited to traumatic sexual experiences. Studies were searched in APA PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, Web of Science, Mendline, PubMed, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Cochrane Library, APA PsycNet, and the Online Library of the University of Algarve. The review also included grey literature searched on Google Scholar. The quality of the studies was assessed using The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, maintaining only "High" quality studies. A total of 21 studies were included, six using a randomized methodology, ten nonrandomized and five descriptive. The results of the selected studies were subsequently divided and analyzed by research objective. Results confirmed the association between Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and between Mental Contamination and Trauma. Although Disgust was associated with Mental Contamination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma, nothing can be concluded about its role in those associations. Mental Contamination was associated with various types of traumas, therefore it is not limited to sexual traumatic experiences. This systematic review explored existing knowledge about the association between Mental Contamination and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and identified mediators of this relationship, including tolerance to negative emotions and avoidance behaviors, important to therapeutic interventions with individuals who present comorbid symptoms of Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It also alerts to the fact that disgust, although it is associated with Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, may not be a relevant explanatory variable for the association established between these two constructs, and between Mental Contamination and o Trauma.
Mental Contamination is a feeling of internal dirtiness or pollution, followed by negative emotions, from a human source and can be triggered by memories and thoughts about experiences considered traumatic and ego-dystonic, such as betrayal and sexual abuse. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder presents a set of symptoms similar to Mental Contamination. There is evidence that both Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can occur simultaneously, but it´s not clear the way they relate. This systematic review aims to analyse: 1) The association between Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; 2) The role of disgust in the association between Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; 3) The association between Mental Contamination and Trauma; 4) The role of disgust in the association between Mental Contamination and Trauma; 5) Wether the association between Mental Contamination and Trauma is limited to traumatic sexual experiences. Studies were searched in APA PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, Web of Science, Mendline, PubMed, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Cochrane Library, APA PsycNet, and the Online Library of the University of Algarve. The review also included grey literature searched on Google Scholar. The quality of the studies was assessed using The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, maintaining only "High" quality studies. A total of 21 studies were included, six using a randomized methodology, ten nonrandomized and five descriptive. The results of the selected studies were subsequently divided and analyzed by research objective. Results confirmed the association between Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and between Mental Contamination and Trauma. Although Disgust was associated with Mental Contamination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma, nothing can be concluded about its role in those associations. Mental Contamination was associated with various types of traumas, therefore it is not limited to sexual traumatic experiences. This systematic review explored existing knowledge about the association between Mental Contamination and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and identified mediators of this relationship, including tolerance to negative emotions and avoidance behaviors, important to therapeutic interventions with individuals who present comorbid symptoms of Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It also alerts to the fact that disgust, although it is associated with Mental Contamination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, may not be a relevant explanatory variable for the association established between these two constructs, and between Mental Contamination and o Trauma.
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Keywords
Contaminação mental Perturbação de stress pós-traumático Nojo Trauma Trauma sexual