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Super typhoon vs. earthquake as driving force of forest succession in a subtropical tectonically active region
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Resumo(s)
This study compared the effects of super typhoons and earthquakes on forest succession at the slopes of the Rokko Mountains in Japan. According to changes in the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), the super typhoon in 1991 caused severe, widespread damage to topographically distinct forest stands across the mountains. A major earthquake in 1995 with a magnitude of Mj = 7.2 caused moderate effects on the EVI. The 1994 super typhoon and the 1995 major earthquake exhibited similar spatial damage patterns, with impacts concentrated on the northern slopes. Although the 2018 super typhoon recorded higher wind speeds, there was no reduction in forest stands across the mountains, indicating an increase in forest resilience. Nevertheless, detailed observations revealed localized, patchy impacts in 2018, specifically the death of some evergreen trees on the northern slopes. The 1991 typhoon diminished up to 14% (conf. int. 95%: ±3%) of the pre-typhoon EVI values for the most negatively affected forest stands. Hence, the typhoons were thought to be the primary driving force that accelerated the forest succession by eliminating vulnerable trees. This elimination enhanced the increasing dominance of broadleaved evergreen laurel tree species, which are known to have stronger root systems than the vulnerable conifers. In addition, it was revealed for the first time that multiple vegetation types on slopes under the same topographical conditions were commonly damaged by multiple super typhoons within a 27-year period, during which typhoon-enhanced forest succession was strongly pronounced. The findings offer beneficial prospects for proactive climate-resilient forest management and disaster mitigation strategies tailored to slope-specific vulnerabilities. This study is the first to compare the effects of super typhoons and a major earthquake on forest stands.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Wind damage Forest disturbance Forest restoration
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
MDPI