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O papel da fruticultura na sustentabilidade e na mitigação das alterações climáticas. Importância dos pomares como sumidouros de carbono
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Abstract(s)
A fruticultura, como setor relevante da agricultura, tem uma elevada importância no sequestro de carbono atmosférico e no armazenamento deste no solo, como forma de contribuir para a minimização das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Os cenários da evolução climática apontam para períodos crescentes de escassez de água e aumento da temperatura nos agroecossistemas mediterrânicos semiáridos, com particular incidência para a região Sul de Portugal. A adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, como a cobertura permanente do solo dos pomares, pode contribuir para: a manutenção da sua produtividade, a sua proteção contra a erosão, o aumento do nível de matéria orgânica, o aumento do carbono orgânico armazenado e melhoria da qualidade do solo.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de sumidouro de carbono: dos solos na camada mineral até 20 cm de profundidade, da biomassa do coberto vegetal que os protege e da camada orgânica (folhada), em pomares de citrinos, abacateiros e alfarrobeiras, em modo de produção integrada, com diferentes idades de plantação e com diferentes práticas culturais a nível de cobertura de solo. O mesmo tipo de avaliação realizou-se em solos não cultivados, com vegetação herbácea e arbustiva espontânea, comparando-se os resultados obtidos, entre os dois usos do solo e entre estes e os povoamentos florestais.
Os pomares de abacateiros apresentaram maior capacidade de armazenamento de carbono no solo, variando entre 16,18 ± 0,82 t/ha e 67,44 ± 3,95 t/ha e os pomares de citrinos registaram a menor, entre 21,06 ± 1,6 t/ha e 31,24 ± 3,98 t/ha. Nos solos não cultivados, o carbono armazenado oscilou entre 22,39 ± 3,05 t/ha e 49,23 ± 2,10 t/ha. Nos pomares de abacateiros, existem camadas orgânicas de folhada, que se assemelham às de povoamentos florestais e que muito contribuem para a melhoria da qualidade do solo. Nos pomares de abacateiros em plena produção (com 14 a 15 anos) registaram-se taxas de incremento de carbono no solo que variaram entre 0,91 t C/ha/ano e 1,21 t C/ha/ano.
Fruit tree crops, as a relevant agriculture sector, have a great importance in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon and its storage in the soil, as a way of contributing to the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions. The scenarios of climate evolution point to increasing periods of water scarcity and temperature increase in the semi-arid Mediterranean agroecosystems, with incidence for the southern region of Portugal. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, such as permanent soil cover in orchards, can contribute to maintaining their productivity, protecting them from erosion, increasing the level of organic matter, increasing the stock of organic carbon and improving soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the organic carbon stored: in soils in the mineral layer up to 20 cm depth; in the vegetation cover biomass and in the organic layer of litter, in citrus, avocado and carob orchards in integrated production mode, with different planting ages and with different soil management practices. A similar evaluation was carried out in uncultivated soils, with herbaceous and spontaneous shrub vegetation, comparing the results obtained between the two land uses and between these and forest stands. Avocado orchards showed the highest soil carbon storage capacity, ranging between 16.18 ± 0.82 t/ha and 67.44 ± 3.95 t/ha and the citrus orchards showed the lowest, between 21.06 ± 1.6 t/ha and 31.24 ± 3.98 t/ha. In uncultivated soils, stored carbon ranged from 22.39 ± 3.05 t/ha to 49.23 ± 2.10 t/ha. The organic layer of litter of avocado orchards is similar to those found in forest stands and have a great contribute to improving the quality of the soil. In avocado orchards in full production (aged 14 to 15 years) there were carbon accumulation rates in soil ranged between 0.91 t C/ha/year to 1.21 t C/ha/year.
Fruit tree crops, as a relevant agriculture sector, have a great importance in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon and its storage in the soil, as a way of contributing to the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions. The scenarios of climate evolution point to increasing periods of water scarcity and temperature increase in the semi-arid Mediterranean agroecosystems, with incidence for the southern region of Portugal. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, such as permanent soil cover in orchards, can contribute to maintaining their productivity, protecting them from erosion, increasing the level of organic matter, increasing the stock of organic carbon and improving soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the organic carbon stored: in soils in the mineral layer up to 20 cm depth; in the vegetation cover biomass and in the organic layer of litter, in citrus, avocado and carob orchards in integrated production mode, with different planting ages and with different soil management practices. A similar evaluation was carried out in uncultivated soils, with herbaceous and spontaneous shrub vegetation, comparing the results obtained between the two land uses and between these and forest stands. Avocado orchards showed the highest soil carbon storage capacity, ranging between 16.18 ± 0.82 t/ha and 67.44 ± 3.95 t/ha and the citrus orchards showed the lowest, between 21.06 ± 1.6 t/ha and 31.24 ± 3.98 t/ha. In uncultivated soils, stored carbon ranged from 22.39 ± 3.05 t/ha to 49.23 ± 2.10 t/ha. The organic layer of litter of avocado orchards is similar to those found in forest stands and have a great contribute to improving the quality of the soil. In avocado orchards in full production (aged 14 to 15 years) there were carbon accumulation rates in soil ranged between 0.91 t C/ha/year to 1.21 t C/ha/year.
Description
Keywords
Abacateiro Alfarrobeira Citrinos Carbono orgânico do solo Cobertura de solo Matéria orgânica Sequestro de carbono