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A evolução da abordagem farmacológica no tratamento contra a COVID-19
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Abstract(s)
A COVID-19 é uma doença causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, um vírus emergente que foi descoberto no final do ano de 2019 na China. No dia 11 de março de 2020 a doença foi declarada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde devido aos níveis alarmantes de propagação e gravidade, tendo-se verificado vários impactos sociais, económicos e políticos a nível nacional e mundial. A proveniência exata do vírus é desconhecida, mas tudo leva a crer que seja de origem zoonótica.
Recentemente, as terapêuticas existentes destinavam-se a atenuar os sintomas e a torná-los mais toleráveis. As vacinas anti-COVID-19 foram desde o início da pandemia um objetivo a alcançar de modo a garantir a saúde da população. Para surpresa de muitos e ao contrário do que se esperava, ao fim de um ano de pandemia começaram a ser anunciadas as primeiras vacinas anti-COVID-19, tendo contribuído para a redução da mortalidade em mais de 50% na região europeia da Organização Mundial de Saúde.
Muitos fármacos foram inicialmente usados de forma off-label para tratar a COVID-19, como a ivermectina e a hidroxicloroquina, porém, mais tarde vieram a demonstrar-se inúteis. O soro convalescente também não evidenciou benefício terapêutico. Já fármacos como o remdesivir, a associação nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, a dexametasona, o molnupiravir e o tocilizumab exibiram potencial a nível clínico conseguindo de uma forma transversal reduzir a taxa de mortalidade e, em certos casos, diminuir também o número de internamentos ou o tempo de hospitalização.
Com vista a que a doença se torne endémica e com o objetivo de assegurar uma proteção eficaz e duradora da população, novas estratégias terapêuticas têm de ser estudadas e desenvolvidas. De entre os vários medicamentos atualmente investigados e incluídos em ensaios clínicos, o Vaxart (vacina oral) e o SNG001 têm se evidenciado promissores para serem terapeuticamente aplicados num futuro próximo.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, an emerging virus that was discovered in late 2019 in China. On March 11, 2020, the disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to the alarming levels of spread and severity, with several social, economic, and political impacts at national and global level. The etiology of the virus is unknown, but everything suggests that it is of zoonotic origin. Recently, the existing therapies were aimed at alleviating symptoms and making them more tolerable. Vaccines anti-COVID-19 have been a goal to achieve since the beginning of the pandemic in order to guarantee the health of the population. To the suprise of many and in contrast to what was expected, after a year of pandemic, the first vacines against COVID-19 began to be announced, having contributed to the reduction of mortality by more than 50% in the World Health Organization European region. Many drugs were initially used off-label for the treatment of COVID-19, such as ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine, but later proved to be useless. Convalescent serum also showed no therapeutic benefit. Drugs such as remdesivir, the combination nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, dexamethasone, molnupiravir and tocilizumab showed potential at a clinical level, achieving a transversal reduction in the mortality rate and, in certain cases, also decreasing the number of hospitalizations or the time of hospitalization. In order for the disease to become endemic and in order to ensure an effective and lasting protection for the population, new therapeutic strategies must be studied and developed. Among the various drugs currently investigated and included in clinical trials, Vaxart (oral vaccine) and SNG001 have shown promising results to be therapeutically applied in the near future.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, an emerging virus that was discovered in late 2019 in China. On March 11, 2020, the disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to the alarming levels of spread and severity, with several social, economic, and political impacts at national and global level. The etiology of the virus is unknown, but everything suggests that it is of zoonotic origin. Recently, the existing therapies were aimed at alleviating symptoms and making them more tolerable. Vaccines anti-COVID-19 have been a goal to achieve since the beginning of the pandemic in order to guarantee the health of the population. To the suprise of many and in contrast to what was expected, after a year of pandemic, the first vacines against COVID-19 began to be announced, having contributed to the reduction of mortality by more than 50% in the World Health Organization European region. Many drugs were initially used off-label for the treatment of COVID-19, such as ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine, but later proved to be useless. Convalescent serum also showed no therapeutic benefit. Drugs such as remdesivir, the combination nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, dexamethasone, molnupiravir and tocilizumab showed potential at a clinical level, achieving a transversal reduction in the mortality rate and, in certain cases, also decreasing the number of hospitalizations or the time of hospitalization. In order for the disease to become endemic and in order to ensure an effective and lasting protection for the population, new therapeutic strategies must be studied and developed. Among the various drugs currently investigated and included in clinical trials, Vaxart (oral vaccine) and SNG001 have shown promising results to be therapeutically applied in the near future.
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Keywords
COVID-19 Pandemia SARS-CoV-2 Terapêutica farmacológica Vacinas