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Resistência à insulina e a Doença de Alzheimer
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
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| 11.68 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma condição neurodegenerativa complexa que afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e que representa um desafio significativo para a saúde pública global. Avanços recentes na pesquisa têm destacado uma conexão significativa entre a resistência à insulina e o desenvolvimento da DA, levando ao conceito de "diabetes tipo 3" do cérebro. Esta revisão da literatura examina a relação complexa entre a resistência à insulina e a patogénese da DA, explorando os mecanismos moleculares, celulares e bioquímicos subjacentes a esta associação. São considerados estudos que investigam o papel da insulina no funcionamento cerebral normal e como a sua desregulação contribui para os processos neurodegenerativos. A análise destaca a importância da insulina na manutenção da saúde sináptica, na promoção da sobrevivência neuronal e na preservação das funções cognitivas, especialmente memória e aprendizagem. Paralelamente, discute-se as consequências negativas da resistência à insulina, como o aumento do stress oxidativo, a neuroinflamação, alterações no metabolismo da proteína τ e a formação e acumulação de placas beta-amiloides. São discutidas intervenções promissoras que visam melhorar a sensibilidade à insulina, incluindo modificações no estilo de vida (como dietas e exercício físico), terapias farmacológicas específicas (por exemplo, inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase 4, análogos do péptido semelhante ao glucagon 1, inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2, inibidores da proteína tirosina fosfatase 1B, tiazolidinedionas e a metformina) e abordagens inovadoras como a administração de insulina intranasal. Esta revisão destaca a importância de uma abordagem integrada e multidisciplinar na compreensão e gestão da DA, enfatizando a necessidade de considerar os aspectos metabólicos no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas. As
conclusões sugerem que o reconhecimento da resistência à insulina como um fator crucial na DA pode levar a estratégias mais eficazes de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento desta devastadora condição neurodegenerativa, oferecendo esperança para milhões de pessoas afetadas pela DA em todo o mundo.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition that affects millions of people worldwide and represents a significant global public health challenge. Recent advances in research have highlighted a significant connection between insulin resistance and the development of AD, leading to the concept of “type 3 diabetes” of the brain. This literature review examines the complex relationship between insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of AD, exploring the molecular, cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying this association. This review covers studies investigating the role of insulin in normal brain function and how its dysregulation contributes to neurodegenerative processes. The analysis highlights the importance of insulin in maintaining synaptic health, promoting neuronal survival and preserving cognitive functions, especially memory and learning. At the same time, the negative consequences of insulin resistance are discussed, such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alterations in τ protein metabolism and the formation and accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques. Promising interventions aimed at improving insulin sensitivity are discussed, including lifestyle modifications (such as diet and exercise), specific pharmacological therapies (e.g. dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon like peptide 1 analogues, sodium-glicose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and metformin) and innovative approaches such as intranasal insulin administration. This review highlights the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to understanding and managing AD, emphasizing the need to consider metabolic aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The findings suggest that recognizing insulin resistance as a crucial factor in AD may lead to more effective strategies for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of this devastating neurodegenerative condition, offering hope to millions of people affected by AD worldwide.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition that affects millions of people worldwide and represents a significant global public health challenge. Recent advances in research have highlighted a significant connection between insulin resistance and the development of AD, leading to the concept of “type 3 diabetes” of the brain. This literature review examines the complex relationship between insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of AD, exploring the molecular, cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying this association. This review covers studies investigating the role of insulin in normal brain function and how its dysregulation contributes to neurodegenerative processes. The analysis highlights the importance of insulin in maintaining synaptic health, promoting neuronal survival and preserving cognitive functions, especially memory and learning. At the same time, the negative consequences of insulin resistance are discussed, such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alterations in τ protein metabolism and the formation and accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques. Promising interventions aimed at improving insulin sensitivity are discussed, including lifestyle modifications (such as diet and exercise), specific pharmacological therapies (e.g. dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon like peptide 1 analogues, sodium-glicose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and metformin) and innovative approaches such as intranasal insulin administration. This review highlights the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to understanding and managing AD, emphasizing the need to consider metabolic aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The findings suggest that recognizing insulin resistance as a crucial factor in AD may lead to more effective strategies for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of this devastating neurodegenerative condition, offering hope to millions of people affected by AD worldwide.
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Keywords
Doença de alzheimer Placas beta-amilóides Resistência cerebral à insulina Diabetes mellitus tipo 2