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Candidíase vulvovaginal: uma revisão da literatura
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Abstract(s)
A candidíase vulvovaginal é uma infeção fúngica que afeta a vagina, causada principalmente por Candida albicans. Pode ser classificada em não complicada, complicada e recorrente. Estima-se que, a maioria das mulheres em idade fértil, tiveram ou terão, pelo menos, um episódio de candidíase vulvovaginal durante a sua vida. Os sintomas mais comuns são corrimento anormal, espesso e esbranquiçado, irritação vulvar, sensação de queimadura, dor e vermelhidão.
A infeção desenvolve-se quando há reprodução excessiva do fungo devido a um desequilíbrio da microflora vaginal. O processo de patógenese inicia-se com a capacidade de adesão da Candida à superfície do epitélio da vagina. Os fatores de risco para a candidíase vulvovaginal dividem-se em fatores relacionados com o hospedeiro e fatores relacionados com o comportamento de cada indivíduo. Para diagnosticar a infeção, é realizado um exame pélvico, onde se recolhem amostras. Relativamente ao tratamento farmacológico para a candidíase vulvovaginal, existem várias abordagens que podem conduzir a taxas de sucesso diversificadas. A escolha mais comum incide sobre os antifúngicos tópicos de aplicação vaginal, como os azóis. Apenas nos casos de infeção recorrente é que são utilizados antifúngicos orais. Existem outras opções terapêuticas, como as equinocandinas, anfotericina B, nistatina e flucitosina, ainda que algumas destas não sejam comercializadas em Portugal. O uso de probióticos mostrou alguns resultados como prevenção do aparecimento da infeção. Como tratamento, não existe evidência cientifica que o suporte, sendo uma área de grande interesse para a investigação.
O papel do farmacêutico na candidíase vulvovaginal, começa junto da população, com promoção da educação sobre boas práticas de higiene íntima e ajuda na distinção nos tipos de sintomatologias.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection that affects the vagina, caused mainly by Candida albicans. It can be categorised as uncomplicated, complicated and recurrent. It is estimated that most women of childbearing age have had or will have at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis in their lifetime. The most common symptoms are abnormal, thick, whitish discharge, vulvar irritation, a burning sensation, pain and redness. The infection develops when there is excessive reproduction of the fungus due to an imbalance in the vaginal microflora. The pathogenesis process begins with Candida's ability to adhere to the surface of the vaginal epithelium. The risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis are divided into host-related factors and factors related to each individual's behaviour. To diagnose the infection, a pelvic examination is carried out, where samples are taken. With regard to pharmacological treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis, there are various approaches that can lead to varying success rates. The most common choice is topical antifungals for vaginal application, such as azoles. Only in cases of recurrent infection are oral antifungals used. There are other therapeutic options, such as echinocandins, amphotericin B, nystatin and flucytosine, although some of these are not commercialised in Portugal. The use of probiotics has shown some results in preventing the onset of infection. As a treatment, there is no scientific evidence to support it, and it is an area of great interest for research. The pharmacist's role in vulvovaginal candidiasis begins with educating the population about good intimate hygiene practices and helping to distinguish between types of symptoms.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection that affects the vagina, caused mainly by Candida albicans. It can be categorised as uncomplicated, complicated and recurrent. It is estimated that most women of childbearing age have had or will have at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis in their lifetime. The most common symptoms are abnormal, thick, whitish discharge, vulvar irritation, a burning sensation, pain and redness. The infection develops when there is excessive reproduction of the fungus due to an imbalance in the vaginal microflora. The pathogenesis process begins with Candida's ability to adhere to the surface of the vaginal epithelium. The risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis are divided into host-related factors and factors related to each individual's behaviour. To diagnose the infection, a pelvic examination is carried out, where samples are taken. With regard to pharmacological treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis, there are various approaches that can lead to varying success rates. The most common choice is topical antifungals for vaginal application, such as azoles. Only in cases of recurrent infection are oral antifungals used. There are other therapeutic options, such as echinocandins, amphotericin B, nystatin and flucytosine, although some of these are not commercialised in Portugal. The use of probiotics has shown some results in preventing the onset of infection. As a treatment, there is no scientific evidence to support it, and it is an area of great interest for research. The pharmacist's role in vulvovaginal candidiasis begins with educating the population about good intimate hygiene practices and helping to distinguish between types of symptoms.
Description
Keywords
Candida albicans Candidíase vulvovaginal Mulher Infeção Antifúngico Microbiota vaginal