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In the 1980s and 1990s, the field of Landscape Architecture focused on developing theories and methods for restoring historic gardens. These efforts were supported by universities, heritage protection institutions, and professionals, and they served as a basis for more rigorous and authentic restoration interventions. The International Committee for Historic Gardens, part of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS/IFLA), created the Charter of Florence in 1981, and it was adopted by ICOMOS in 1982, establishing principles for the protection and preservation of historic gardens. In 1992, the cultural landscape category was also established as part of the World Heritage List created by UNESCO, and the Historic Gardens Committee became part of the Scientific Committee for Cultural Landscapes at ICOMOS (Fowler, 2003). In Portugal, theoretical principles based on the Florence Charter were discussed and used to restore historic gardens (Castel-Branco, 1999) and incorporated in the Universities of Lisbon and Évora teaching programmes. In 1989, the Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), School of Agriculture of the University of Lisbon also began teaching the restoration of historic gardens1 within the course of History of Garden Art II in the Landscape Architecture programme, drawing on the theories and practices of the National Trust of England (Watkins & Wright, 2007; Harney, 2014), a private foundation in the United Kingdom with expertise in restoration, management, and enhancement of properties in England, as well as the concepts of the Florence Charter (ICOMOS, 1981/1982).
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Routledge