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Da terapêutica ao doping: a utilização ilícita de fármacos para aumentar a performance desportiva
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Abstract(s)
Nos recentes dados disponíveis (2018), segundo a Autoridade de Antidopagem de Portugal (ADoP), o doping recaiu em 13 modalidades desportivas diferentes onde se verificaram 23 substâncias proibidas nas amostras biológicas. O processo para um atleta tomar a decisão de percorrer o caminho ilícito é complexo, onde é necessário realizar uma retrospeção acerca da sua capacidade e desempenho, e adotar um comportamento intencional e direcionado a um objetivo. Como qualquer substância química com potencial terapêutico, o uso e abuso conduz a eventos adversos que poderão causar danos ou até levar à morte. Com o avanço da tecnologia, são mais facilmente detetadas estas irregularidades. No entanto, o número de estratégias para evitar a detenção, sofre também um aumento significativo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho apresentou como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura com o intuito de identificar, descrever e analisar as substâncias e os métodos para melhorar a performance de um atleta, como também, o controlo utilizado para os detetar. Isto inclui os mecanismos gerais de ação e eventos adversos provocados pelo seu abuso. Além disso, teve ainda como objetivo esclarecer as normas legislativas referentes ao doping. Para tal, numa fase inicial foram descritos conceitos necessários para o entendimento do doping e de todos os seus envolventes, caraterizaram-se fármacos e os métodos ilícitos presentes na Lista de Substâncias Proibidas (2019), bem como as normas legislativas existentes e utilizadas pela Agência Mundial de Antidopagem. De seguida, na revisão sistemática de literatura foram identificados 16 artigos entre os anos de 2005 e 2017 focando a utilização de diversas substâncias, de onde se destaca o uso de esteroides. Os principais resultados demonstraram que o controlo e deteção do doping continuam a apresentar um processo complexo, pelo que devem sempre acompanhar os avanços científicos, nomeadamente em relação a novos fármacos.
In the recent data available (2018), according to the Portuguese Anti-Doping Authority (ADoP), doping was in 13 different sports where there were 23 prohibited substances in biological samples. The process for an athlete to make the decision to take the illicit path is complex, where it is necessary to carry out a retrospective on his capacity and performance, and to adopt an intentional and goal-oriented behavior. Like any chemical substance with therapeutic potential, use and abuse leads to adverse events that can cause damage or even lead to death. With the advancement of technology, these irregularities are more easily detected. However, the number of strategies to avoid detention is also significantly increased. In this sense, the present work aimed to carry out a systematic review of the literature in order to identify, describe and analyze the substances and methods to improve the performance of an athlete, as well as, the control used to detect them. This includes the general mechanisms of action and adverse events caused by their abuse. In addition, it also aimed to clarify the legislative rules regarding doping. For this purpose, in an initial phase, concepts necessary to understand doping and all its surroundings were described, drugs and illicit methods in the List of Prohibited Substances (2019) were characterized, as well as the existing legislative rules used by the World Anti-doping Agency. Then, in the systematic literature review, 16 articles were identified between the years 2005 and 2017 focusing on the use of various substances, from which the use of steroids stands out. The main results showed that the control and detection of doping continue to present a complex process, so they must always accompany scientific advances, namely in relation to new drugs.
In the recent data available (2018), according to the Portuguese Anti-Doping Authority (ADoP), doping was in 13 different sports where there were 23 prohibited substances in biological samples. The process for an athlete to make the decision to take the illicit path is complex, where it is necessary to carry out a retrospective on his capacity and performance, and to adopt an intentional and goal-oriented behavior. Like any chemical substance with therapeutic potential, use and abuse leads to adverse events that can cause damage or even lead to death. With the advancement of technology, these irregularities are more easily detected. However, the number of strategies to avoid detention is also significantly increased. In this sense, the present work aimed to carry out a systematic review of the literature in order to identify, describe and analyze the substances and methods to improve the performance of an athlete, as well as, the control used to detect them. This includes the general mechanisms of action and adverse events caused by their abuse. In addition, it also aimed to clarify the legislative rules regarding doping. For this purpose, in an initial phase, concepts necessary to understand doping and all its surroundings were described, drugs and illicit methods in the List of Prohibited Substances (2019) were characterized, as well as the existing legislative rules used by the World Anti-doping Agency. Then, in the systematic literature review, 16 articles were identified between the years 2005 and 2017 focusing on the use of various substances, from which the use of steroids stands out. The main results showed that the control and detection of doping continue to present a complex process, so they must always accompany scientific advances, namely in relation to new drugs.
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Keywords
Doping Performance Substancias de uso proibido Metodos proibidos Eventos adversos e detenção.